Ch. 1 & 3 Test

Question 1

Tragedy of the Commons; Examples

Answer 1

Unregulated exploitation of public resources leads to depletion and damage; Resource users are motivated by self interest.
Examples: Soil, air, and water

Question 2

Solutions to the tragedy of the commons?

Answer 2

Private ownership
Voluntary organization to enforce responsible use
Governmental regulations

Question 3

Ecological Footprint

Answer 3

The environmental impact of a person or population;

The area of biologically productive land + water

Question 4

The Scientific Method

Answer 4

It tests ideas; 
Observation 
Questions 
Hypothesis
Prediction
Test 
Results

Question 5

Variable

Answer 5

A condition that can change.

Question 6

Independent Variable

Answer 6

Can be manipulated

Question 7

Dependent Variable

Answer 7

Depends on the independent variable

Question 8

Control

Answer 8

An unmanipulated point of comparison

Question 9

Sustainability

Answer 9

To live within our planet’s means so the Earth and its resources can sustain us and all life for the future.
conserving resources

Question 10

Sustainability involves…….

Answer 10

Developing long-term solutions

Keeping fully functioning ecosystems

Question 11

Natural Selection Vs Artificial Selection

Answer 11

Natural Selection describes Traits that enhance survival and reproduction are passed on more frequently to future generations than those that do not.

While Artificial Selection is:

The process of selection conducted under human direction
Producing the great variety of dog breeds and food crops

Question 12

3 Types of Natural Selection

Answer 12

Directional selection = drives a feature in one direction

Stabilizing selection = favors intermediate traits; Preserving the status quo

Disruptive selection = traits diverge in two or more directions

Question 13

Allopatric speciation Vs Sympatric speciation

Answer 13

Allopatric speciation is species formation due to physical separation of populations

While Sympatric speciation is species form from populations that become reproductively isolated within the same area

Question 14

Fossil record

Answer 14

The cumulative body of fossils worldwide;
Which show that;
Life has existed on Earth for at least 3.5 billion years
Earlier types of organisms evolved into later ones
The number of species has increased over time

Question 15

Niche

Answer 15

An organism’s use of resources along with its functional role in a community:

Habitat use,
food selection,
role in energy and nutrient flow,
interactions with other individuals

Question 16

Specialists Vs Generalist

Answer 16

Specialists have narrow niches and specific needs

While Generalist are species with broad niches

Question 17

Survivorship Curves

Answer 17

The likelihood of death varies with age

Question 18

Exponential growth

Answer 18

>A population increases by a fixed percent
>Graphed as a J-shaped curve
>cannot be sustained indefinitely
>Small population
>Low competition
>Ideal conditions

Question 19

Density-dependent factors Vs Density-independent factors

Answer 19

Density-dependent factors are limiting factors whose influence is affected by population density

While Density-Independent factors are limiting factors whose influence is not affected by population density

Question 20

K-selected species Vs R-selected species

Answer 20

K Species have; long gestation periods and few offspring
>low biotic potential
>Stabilize at or near carrying capacity
>Good competitors

While R species which reproduce quickly have:
>A high biotic potential
>Little parental care, populations fluctuate greatly