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Orthopedics > Cervical Pathology > Flashcards

Cervical Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common type of headache

A

Tension

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2
Q

What are the two types of tension headaches

A

1) suboccipital/retro-occipital

2) temporal

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3
Q

What is the cause of a suboccipital tension headache

A

Greater/lesser occipital nerve- C2/3

**must clear vertebral artery if dizziness is concurrent with headache

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4
Q

What is the cause of barometric headaches

A

Changes in barometric pressure

Vasoconstriction/dilation

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5
Q

Barometric Sx

A

Tight band, pain cantered around forehead/nasal bridge, pounding occipital pain

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6
Q

Are barometric headaches usually bilateral or unilateral

A

Bilateral

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7
Q

What is another name for migraines

A

Vascular headaches

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8
Q

Sx of migraines

A

Pulsating, nausea, vomit, sensitive to light/smell/sound, worse with activity

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9
Q

How long do migraines last

A

72 hours

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10
Q

Migraines with auras are usually

A

Bilateral

*disturbance of visual/sensory/motor

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11
Q

Migraines without auras

A

Unilateral

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12
Q

Precipitating factors for migraines

A

Hormones, food, alcohol, changes in temp/pressure/sleep/altitude, stress, fatigue, allergies

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13
Q

What is another name for cluster headaches

A

Trigeminal autonomic cephalgia (TACs)

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14
Q

Sx of cluster headaches

A 
Attacks (30-40 min, 3-4x/day)
Recurrent, severe
Unilateral, around eye/temple
Burning, stabbing
Watering eyes/swelling, nasal congestion
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15
Q

Which are worse migraines or cluster headaches

A

Cluster headaches

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16
Q

Are cluster headaches usually bilateral or unilateral

A

Unilateral

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17
Q

What is a neurometabolic cascade

A

Pathophysiological pathway of concussion

-ionic, metabolic, physiological events accompanying axonal injury

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18
Q

How long do concussions usually last

A

7-10 days

Severe could be weeks, months, years

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19
Q

What are the 4 kinds of Sx of concussion

A

1) physical (headache, nausea, vomit, dizziness, fatigue)
2) emotional (irritable, sad, nervousness)
3) cognitive (fog, slowed response, difficult concentration/memory)
4) sleep (difficulty falling asleep, more/less than normal)

20
Q

What is Second impact syndrome

A

Second concussion before fist concussion healed

**vascular dilation= increase intracranial pressure= coma/death

21
Q

What is whiplash

A

Sprain/strain of cervical spine

22
Q

What are all the pathologies

A

1) headaches (tension/barometric/migraines/cluster headaches)
2) concussion/post-concussion
3) Second Impact Syndrome (SIS)
4) whiplash
5) Transverse Ligament Injuries Classification
6) Vertebral Artery Dissection
7) TMJ

23
Q

2 types of transverse ligament injuries classification

A

1) intersubstance tear

2) bony avulsion

24
Q

Cause of transverse ligament injury

A

1) trauma
2) Down’s syndrome
3) rheumatoid arthritis

25
What is a transverse ligament injury
Dens travels posteriorly into spinal cord
26
Transverse ligament injury Sx
**lump in throat | Bilateral extremity paresthesia, Hoffmann sign, death
27
2 imaging for transverse ligament injury
1) lateral radiograph of altantodens interval (ADI) | 2) open mouth Odontoid view= atlas fractures
28
Ranges of lateral radiograph of ADI
5mm= injured transverse/alar/tectorial ligament
29
Cause of vertebral artery dissection
1) trauma (strangulation/MVA) | 2) insidious
30
Sx of vertebral artery dissection
Head pain- gradual, dull/pressure/throbbing **Headache + dizziness Neck pain Intermittent/permanent stroke Sx (difficulty speaking) Horner's sign
31
What is Horner's sign
1) miosis= constricted pupil 2) ptosis= droopy eyelid 3) anhidrosis= decreased sweating 4) exophthalmos= inset eyeball
32
What is Sequelae in vertebral artery dissection
Obstruction of blood flow through affected vessel may lead to dys of part of brain supplied by artery 1) temporary 2) permanent
33
Cause of TMJ
1) trauma | 2) idiopathic
34
Dysarthria
Difficulty speaking
35
Dysphasia
Trouble swallowing
36
Anosmia
Loss of smell
37
Hyposmia
Decreased sense of smell
38
Parosmia
Perversion of the sense of smell
39
Cacosmia
Awareness of an offensive smell which doesn't exist
40
Hyperacusia
Amplified sound
41
Aphonia
Hoarse voice
42
Brocas
Expressive dysphasia
43
Wernickes
Receptive dysphasia
44
Miosis
Constricted pupils
45
Apparent anhidrosis
Decreased sweating
46
Ptosis
A weak droopy eyelid
47
What's the pathway of the vertebral artery?
Travels through the transverse foreman of C6 and up to form the circle of Willis

Orthopedics (22 decks)

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