Cerebral hemispheres - physiology

Question 1

Where is the precentral gyrus

Answer 1

Lateral to central sulcus on the frontal lobe side

Question 2

Where is the post central gyrus

Answer 2

Lateral to the central sulcus on the parietal lobe side

Question 3

Where is the cingulate gyrus

Answer 3

Lies on medial surface of the hemispheres above the corpus callosum and is formed by parts of frontal and parietal lobes

Question 4

Cingulate gyrus is part of what system

Answer 4

Limbic system

Question 5

Frontal lobe separated into 3 gyri

Answer 5

Superior/middle/inferior

Question 6

Temporal lobe divided into 3 gyri

Answer 6

Superior/middle/inferior

Question 7

Where is the transverse temporal gyrus

Answer 7

Buried within the lateral sulcus

Only seen when temporal lobe has been reflected down and some of frontal and parietal cut away

Question 8

Parietal lobe divided into (2)

Answer 8

superior and inferior parietal LOBULE

Question 9

Where is the insula

Answer 9

located deep within the lateral sulcus and is small region that is hidden under the temporal lobe and some of the frontal and parietal lobe

Question 10

Sensory info goes to where first in the brain

Answer 10

thalamus

Question 11

Cerebral cortex is divided into three functionally distinct areas:

Answer 11

sensory, motor, and association

Question 12

Main sensory areas of the brain include (3)

Answer 12

primary auditory cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, and primary visual cortex

Question 13

Which of these senses -sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell - is the only one that is not routed to the cerebral cortex via the thalamus

Answer 13

Smell

-olfactory information passes through the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex, bypassing the thalamus

Question 14

Which lobes of the brain contain sensory areas (3)

Answer 14

parietal, temporal and occipital lobe

Question 15

Primary sensory areas receive sensory input from what

Answer 15

thalamus

Question 16

Primary sensory areas send their info to…

whereas primary motor areas work a bit differently, info is passed from…

Answer 16

Primary sensory areas send their info to sensory association areas

whereas primary motor areas receive info from motor association areas

Question 17

The cerebrum is derived from which primary brain vesicle

Answer 17

Prosencephalon

Question 18

Which hemisphere is dominant if right handed

Answer 18

Left

Question 19

What brodmann area is the primary motor cortex + what gyrus is the primary motor cortex

Answer 19

area 4

precentral gyrus

Question 20

What brodmann areas are Broca’s area + what gyrus is it formed by

Answer 20

area 44, 45

inferior frontal gyrus

Question 21

Broca’s area function

Answer 21

generation of articulate speech

Question 22

What brodmann area is the premotor cortex

Answer 22

area 6

Question 23

premotor cortex function

Answer 23

 Cognitive functions of higher order - intellect, judgement, prediction, planning

Question 24

what brodmann areas are the primary somatosensory cortex + what gyrus is the primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 24

Areas 3, 1, 2

postcentral gyrus

Question 25

Function of superior parietal lobule

Answer 25

sensory association area | -interpretation of general sensory information and conscious awareness of contralateral half of body

Question 26

Function of inferior parietal lobule

Answer 26

Interface between somatosensory cortex and visual and auditory association areas

Question 27

In the dominant hemisphere, the inferior parietal lobule contributes to what

Answer 27

language functions

Question 28

Superior and inferior parietal lobules often referred to as the what

Answer 28

GLOBAL ASSOCIATION AREAS | -because they provide a network between the primary cortexes

Question 29

Parietal lobe lesion can result in what deficits (4)

Answer 29

Hemi-sensory neglect - reduced awareness of one side of visual field Agnosia - unable to recognise things due to inability to interpret sensations Acalculia - unable to do simple maths Agraphia - loss/impaired writing

Question 30

What brodmann areas are the primary auditory cortex

Answer 30

Areas 41, 42

Question 31

What is heschl's gyrus

Answer 31

aka transverse temporal gyrus part of the primary auditory cortex

Question 32

Auditory association area is present in both hemispheres but in the dominant hemisphere, what is it known as

Answer 32

Wernicke's area

Question 33

Wernicke's area function

Answer 33

Responsible for the comprehension of speech (receptive), whereas Broca's is for producing speech (expressive)

Question 34

2 main sensory functions of temporal lobe

Answer 34

Hearing | smell

Question 35

Inferior surface of temporal lobe plays what role

Answer 35

Receives fibres from olfactory tract allowing CONSCIOUS AWARENESS OF SMELL

Question 36

Primary visual cortex is what brodmann area

Answer 36

Area 17

Question 37

Primary visual cortex is on what surface of the occipital lobe

Answer 37

medial

Question 38

Visual association cortex is what brodmann areas

Answer 38

Areas 18 and 19

Question 39

Limbic lobe located on the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres is formed by what 4 components + involved in what functions

Answer 39

Cingulate gyrus Hippocampus Amygdala Parahippocampal gyrus Memory + emotion

Question 40

Broca's area is in what lobe Wernicke's area is in what lobe

Answer 40

Frontal Temporal

Question 41

What happens in wernicke's aphasia (when wernicke's area damaged)

Answer 41

Don't understand question asked (can't comprehend anything) and don't realise what they’re personally saying makes no sense (just meaningless words but thinks they’re speaking normal)

Question 42

What happens in Broca's aphasia (when Broca's area damaged)

Answer 42

Can still understand words but struggle to put them together into articulate speech Aware that what they've said doesn't make sense so get frustrated

Question 43

3 types of myelinated axon fibres

Answer 43

Commisural fibres Association fibres Projection fibres

Question 44

Function of commissural fibres

Answer 44

Connect the 2 hemispheres and allow contralateral communication, e.g. corpus callosum made up of these fibres

Question 45

Function of association fibres

Answer 45

Connect one part of a hemisphere to another part of the same hemisphere

Question 46

Function of projection fibres

Answer 46

Run between the cerebral cortex and various subcortical centres (connect hemispheres with everything lower down)

Question 47

Name some white matter areas that are made up of projection fibres (2)

Answer 47

Internal capsule | Corona radiata

Question 48

After projection fibres pass through the internal capsule, they radiate out as the...

Answer 48

corona radiata to different lobes

Question 49

What is the basal ganglia + what should it technically be called

Answer 49

collection of cell bodies inside the CNS located at the BASE OF THE HEMISPHERE Basal nuclei because inside CNS

Question 50

4 components of basal ganglia

Answer 50

Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus Substantia nigra (functionally part of basal ganglia but not anatomically)

Question 51

Globus pallidus + putamen =

Answer 51

lentiform nucleus

Question 52

Input regions of the basal ganglia (2) Output regions of the basal ganglia (2)

Answer 52

Input - Caudate nucleus - Putamen Output - globus pallidus - substantia nigra

Question 53

Basal ganglia function

Answer 53

Regulate initiation and termination of voluntary movements