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Year 2 - Nervous > Autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

Autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Autonomic control is voluntary control or involuntary control

A

Involuntary

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2
Q

What parts of the body does autonomic system control (4)

A

Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, GI neurons

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3
Q

Sympathetic outflow

A

Thoracolumbar T1-L2

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4
Q

Ganglia are close to where in sympathetic nerves (2)

A

Close to spinal cord (paravertebral ganglia) or in collateral (prevertebral) ganglia

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5
Q

Pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibres release what neurotransmitter onto what type of receptor

A

ACh onto nicotinic receptor

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6
Q

Post-ganglionic sympathetic fibres release what neurotransmitter onto what type of receptor

A

Noradrenaline or adrenaline onto alpha or beta receptors (adrenergic receptors)

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7
Q

Noradrenaline or adrenaline are released into where from the adrenal medulla

A

Blood because there’s no post-ganglionic axon

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8
Q

Parasympathetic outflow

A

Crania-sacral CN III, VII, IX, X and S2-S4

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9
Q

ACh acts on what type of receptors + name the subcategories of this type of receptor (2)

A

Cholinergic:
Nicotinic (ionotropic)
Muscarinic (metabotropic)

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10
Q

Pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibres release what neurotransmitter onto what type of receptor

A

ACh on nicotinic receptor

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11
Q

Noradrenaline/adrenaline acts on what type of receptor + name the subcategories of this type of receptor

A

Adrenergic:
Alpha (metabotropic)
Beta (metabotropic)

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12
Q

Post-ganglionic sympathetic fibres release what neurotransmitter on what type of receptor

A

Noradrenaline or adrenaline onto adrenergic alpha or beta receptors

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13
Q

Post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibres release what neurotransmitter on what type of receptor

A

ACh onto muscarinic receptors (cholinergic receptors)

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14
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic system produces what kind of effect

A

Sympathetic - co-ordinated

Parasympathetic - independent

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15
Q

Effect of sympathetic system on the eye (2)

-describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the eye

A

Noradrenaline activates b2 receptors on ciliary muscle round lens
–> ciliary muscle relaxes & eye focuses far away

Noradrenaline activates a1 receptors on radial muscle of iris (dilator pupillae) –> radial muscle contracts & makes pupil larger

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16
Q

Effect of parasympathetic system on the eye (2)

-describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the eye

A

ACh activates muscarinic receptors on ciliary muscle –> ciliary muscle contracts & eye focuses close up

ACh activates muscarinic receptors on sphincter muscle –> contracts sphincter muscle & makes pupil smaller

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17
Q

Effect of sympathetic system on the heart (2)
-describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the heart

A

NA activates b1 receptors on pacemaker cells –> Increases heart rate

NA activates (mainly) b1 receptors on myocytes –> Increases strength of contraction

18
Q

Effect of parasympathetic system on the heart (2)
-describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the heart

A

ACh activates muscarinic receptors on pacemaker cells –> decreases heart rate

ACh has little effect on myocytes –> Little effect on strength of contraction

19
Q

Effect of sympathetic system on the lungs (1)
-describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the lungs

A

NA activates b2 receptors on smooth muscle of airways –> makes smooth muscle relax & dilates airways

20
Q

Effect of parasympathetic system on the lungs (1)
-describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the lungs

A

ACh activates muscarinic receptors –> makes smooth muscle contract & constricts airways

21
Q

What would a b2 agonist do to the lungs and heart

A

Dilate airways

No effect on heart

22
Q

What effect would a b1 antagonist have on the heart

A

Decrease heart rate

23
Q

Effect of sympathetic system on blood vessels (2)
-describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the blood vessels

A

NA activates a1 receptors on smooth muscle of vessels –> makes smooth muscle contract & blood flow decreases

NA activates b2 receptors on smooth muscle of vessels–> makes smooth muscle relax & blood flow increases

24
Q

Effect of parasympathetic system on blood vessels
-describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the blood vessels

A

No effect

25
Q

Effect of sympathetic system on the gut (2)

-describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the gut

A

NA activates a/b receptors on smooth muscle of gut –> decreases gut motility

NA activates alpha receptors in pancreas –> inhibits secretion of enzymes

26
Q

Effect of parasympathetic system on the gut (2)

-describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the gut

A

ACh Activates muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle of gut –> increases gut motility

ACh Activates muscarinic receptors in pancreas –> Increases secretion

27
Q

Effect of sympathetic system on energy stores (2)
-describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the energy stores

A

NA Activates a/b receptors on liver cells (hepatocytes)
–> stimulates glycogenolyis & gluconeogenesis

NA Activates a/b receptors on fat cells (lipocytes)
–> increases lipolysis

28
Q

Effect of parasympathetic system on energy stores
-describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the energy stores

A

No effect

29
Q

Effect of sympathetic system on salivary glands (1)
-describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the salivary glands

A

NA Activates b receptors

–> Stimulates thick secretion rich in enzymes

30
Q

Effect of parasympathetic system on salivary glands (1)
-describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the salivary glands

A

ACh Activates muscarinic receptors

–>Stimulates profuse watery secretion

31
Q

Effect of sympathetic system on the bladder (2)
-describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the bladder

A

NA Activates b2 receps on smooth muscle of bladder wall
–> Relaxes smooth muscle and reduces pressure

NA Activates a1 receptors on smooth muscle of sphincter
–> Contracts smooth muscle and stops urination

32
Q

Effect of parasympathetic system on the bladder (2)
-describe what neurotransmitter is released and what specific receptors are activated and the effect created on the bladder

A

ACh Activates muscarinic receptors on bladder wall
–> Contracts smooth muscle and increases pressure

ACh Activates muscarinic receptors on sphincter
–> Relaxes smooth muscle and causes urination

33
Q

What organs receive dual innervation (i.e. both sympathetic and parasympathetic) and have antagonistic actions

A

Eye
Heart
Gut tube
Bladder

34
Q

Describe the pre-ganglionic and postganglionic fibres of sympathetic nerves

A

Short preganglionic

Long postgagnlionic

35
Q

Cranial nerves that contain parasympathetic fibres are (4)

A

III
VII
IX
X

36
Q

Synapses between post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibres and their targets are (2)

A

Cholinergic and muscarinic

37
Q

Features of post-Ganglionic fibres in the adrenal medulla(4)

A

Release NA/adrenaline
Have no post-ganglionic axons
Part of sympathetic system
Contribute to mass activation

38
Q

In fight or flight, you want the eyes to… (2)

A

Dilate pupils

Focus far away

39
Q

Eye drops to dilate pupils may contain what (2)

A

a1 agonist

muscarinic antagonist

40
Q

Parasympathetic activation of the heart does not decrease what

A

Stroke volume

41
Q

Some blood vessels vasodilate when activated by sympathetic nerves because they express what receptors

A

b2

Year 2 - Nervous (39 decks)

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