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Neuroanatomy > Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

2 purposes of gyri and sulci?

A

anatomical division and increase surface area

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2
Q

white or gray matter in core and surrounding?

A

white core, gray surrounding

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3
Q

how is the cortex organized horizontally?

A

histologically - predominating cell type

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4
Q

how is the cortex organized vertically?

A

by function

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5
Q

neocortex composed of _ and # layers?

A

majority of human cortex, 6 layers

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6
Q

paleocortex and archicortex composed of # layers and what two other structures?

A

3 layers, olfactory bulbs, hippocampus

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7
Q

6 layers of cortex? (1-6 is outer to inner)

A

molecular, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal, multiform

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8
Q

pyramidal neurons found in which 2 layers?

they provide main _ of the cortex?

A

3, 5

output (efferent)

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9
Q

granular cells are found in which 2 layers?
main _ cells of cortex?
involved in _ functions?

A

2, 4
interneurons
afferent/sensory

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10
Q

homotypical vs heterotypical cortex?

A

homo - can see 6 regular layers

hetero - 6 layers are not recognizable

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11
Q

in heterotypical, what is granular vs agranular?

A

how well developed the cells are

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12
Q

granular cells are mainly _ integration and found in what 2 layers?

A

sensory

2, 4

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13
Q

thalamocortical fibers are made of what cell type?

A

granular (hetero)

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14
Q

agranular type are found mostly in _

they are densely packed with _

A

primary motor cortex (frontal lobe)

pyramidal cells

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15
Q

subcortical fiber bundles are made of what cell type?

A

agranular type (hetero)

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16
Q

association fibers connect _

A

areas of cortex within the same hemisphere

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17
Q

short association connect _

long association connect _

A

areas in adjacent sulci/gyri

more distant areas of cortex

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18
Q

superior longitudinal fasciculus spreads anterior to _ lobe, and posterior to _ lobes

A

frontal lobes

parietal occipital

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19
Q

posterior portion of superior longitudinal fasciculus extends into the temporal lobes and is called the _

A

arcuate fasciculus

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20
Q

arcuate fasciculus connects 2 areas in the left hemisphere?

A

broca’s area and wenicke’s area

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21
Q

inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus goes through which 3 lobes?

A

frontal - temporal - occipital

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22
Q

inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus, AKA _

A

uncinate fasciculus

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23
Q

superior occipitofrontal fasciculus connects which 3 lobes?

A

frontal, parietal, occipital

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24
Q

superior occipitofrontal fasciculus is close to _

A

corpus callosum

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25
Q

cingulum connects areas of _

A

limbic cortex

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26
Q

_ interconnect areas of similar functional activity across 2 hemispheres

A

commissural fibers

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27
Q

majority of commissural fibers cross at _

A

corpus callosum

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28
Q

what is the largest cortical commissure

A

corpus callosum

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29
Q

3 parts of the corpus callosum:

A

body, splenium (posterior), genu (knee)

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30
Q

anterior commissure connects _ and _

A

anterior temporal lobes and olfactory bulbs

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31
Q

posterior commissure is located where? and connects what?

A

midbrain

pretectal nuclei

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32
Q

projection fibers travel to and from which 2 structures?

A

cortex and thalamus

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33
Q

projection fibers come from all parts of cortex into _

A

corona radiata

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34
Q

corona radiata converge into compact bundles called _ (V-shaped with bend @ genu)

A

internal capsule

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35
Q

primary motor cortex is located in _ lobe on _ gyrus

A

frontal, precentral gyrus

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36
Q

primary motor cortex of left hemisphere sends motor output to _ side of body

A

right (contralateral)

37
Q

somatopy of primary motor cortex?

A

neurons grouped into functional groups for muscle groups

38
Q

motor homunculus:
fine motor units have _ areas devoted in somatopy
large motor units have _ area devoted in somatopy

A

larger

smaller

39
Q

supplementary motor area:
motor maps for _
efferent signals to _

A

posture

limbs and trunk

40
Q

premotor association area:
motor maps for _
_ of motor information
_ of volunatry movement

A
  • movement of larger limbs
  • processing of integrating and interpreting
  • anticipation and planning
41
Q

lesion to primary motor cortex would result in:

A

paralysis/weakness of contralateral side

42
Q

lesion to motor association area would result in:

A

apraxia - can’t do something they know how to do like walk, brush hair

43
Q

primary sensory cortex is located in _ lobe, on _ gyrus

A

parietal, postcentral

44
Q

afferent information from right side of body travels ascending spinal cord tract to _ primary sensory cortex

A

left

45
Q

the sensory homunculus is the same as the motor homunculus, larger areas get _ sensory innervation

A

more

46
Q

cortical plasticity refers to how the body can _

A

change cortical representation

47
Q

what is lateral inhibition?

A

inhibitory signals adjacent to area receiving sensory stimulation - contrast helps with tactile discrimination

48
Q

sensory association area is adjacent to _

A

primary sensory corte in parietal lobe

49
Q

sensory association area is responsible for _ of sensory information

A

interpretation

50
Q

lesion to primary sensory cortex results in:

A

not a complete loss of sensory perception and deficit in awareness and localization of sensory stimuli (localizing where you were touched)

51
Q

lesion to sensory association area results in:

A

tactile agnosia - inability to recognize what you tough

astereognosis - inability to recognize object in hand

52
Q

primary visual cortex is loacted in _ lobe and lies above and below _ sulcus

A

occiputal lobe, calcarine

53
Q

PVC: visual field information comes from _

A

optic radiations

54
Q

right side of PVC receives _ visual field information

A

left

55
Q

superior to calcarine sulcus receives _ visual field information

A

inferior

56
Q

visual association area is located:

A

surrounding primary visual cortex

57
Q

visual association area does what?

A

higher order processing that gives meaning and interpretation to what we are seeing

58
Q

lesion to primary visual cortex would result in:

A

homonymous, contralateral defect (full or central) OR

bilateral altitudinal visual field defect

59
Q

lesion to visual association area would result in:

A

visual agnosia - unable to recognize familiar objects, despite intact sight
and pursuit/saccadic deficits

60
Q

primary auditory cortex is located in _ lobe on _ gyrus

A

deep temporal, superior temporal (heschel)

61
Q

cochlear information is sent to _ medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

medial geniculate nucleus sends information to _

A

ipsilateral AND contralateral!!

primary auditory cortex

62
Q

auditory association area is located? and responsible for?

A

adjacent to primary auditory cortex on temporal lobe, interpretation and meaning of sounds

63
Q

Wernicke area is responsible for?

A

understanding language

64
Q

lesion to primary auditory cortex would result in:

A

decreased perception of sound primarily in contralateral ear

65
Q

lesion to auditory association area would result in:

A

acoustic verbal agnosia - “word deafness”, inability to interpret what is heard despite having intact hearing

66
Q

primary sensory taste area?

A

insula

67
Q

insula receives information from taste receptors in _

A

VPM of thalamus

68
Q

primary olfactory sensory area is called?

A

entorhinal cortex

69
Q

frontal association area is for:

A

planning and adaptation of behavior to social constructs

70
Q

parietal association area is for:

A

attention and awareness

71
Q

temporal association area is for:

A

recognition of things and situations around us

72
Q

dorsal and lateral portions of frontal association area regulate _,
_ responses to stimuli

A

attention

motor

73
Q

ventral and medial portions of frontal association area regulate _. motor expression to _ and _

A

emotions

emotions and behavior

74
Q

frontal association areas has extensive innervation from _ systems of the brainstem

A

monoaminergic (dopamine, noradrenaline, seratonin)

75
Q

the curious case of phineas gage:
rod went through what?
how was he affected?

A

frontal association area

no impulse control, antisocial, couldn’t control behavior

76
Q

parietal association area:
integration of _ and _ area
crucial for _ _ _

A

somatic and visual
spatial/temporal attention
awareness of self
awareness of extrapersonal space

77
Q

lesion to right parietal lobe would result in:

A

left spatial neglect (there is seldom left injury and right spatial inattention)

78
Q

temporal association areas
fusiform gyrus - recognition of _ stimulus
lateral surface - recognition of _

A

visual

language

79
Q

lesions to temporal lobe would result in:

A

agnosia and prosopagnosia (unable to recognize faces)

80
Q

language is highly lateralized in the _ hemisphere

responsible for things like: _ _ _ _

A

non-dominate (usually right)

melody, rhythm, emotions, accents

81
Q

dominate hemisphere (usually left) houses what 2 things?

A

broca’s area - expression of language

wernicke’s area - comprehension of language

82
Q

broca area
_ gyrus of frontal lobe
_ of language

A

inferior frontal

production

83
Q

wernicke area
_ gyrus of parietal/temporal regions
_ of language

A

superior temporal

comprehension and interpretation

84
Q

aphasia vs dysarthria?

A

inability to communicate

vs damage to muscles

85
Q

broca aphasia looks like?

A

(expressive or motor) - difficult producing, sparse and halting, grammer, frustration

86
Q

wernicke aphasia looks like?

A

(receptive or sensory) - speak confidently, unaware that it doesn’t make sense

87
Q

what does conduction aphasia look like? what is being affected?

A

arcuate fasciculus - if you say “repeat milk”, they may say “white liquid”

88
Q

what is prognosis on conduction aphasia? why?

A

good due to cortical plasticity

89
Q

modern model is putting less emphasis on _

A

lateralization

more interplay in senses, arcuate fasciculus has a diminished role

Neuroanatomy (12 decks)

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