3 - Basal Ganglia (9) Flashcards
basal ganglia is a nuclei deep within the cerebral hemispheres that controls _ with the cerebellum
upper motor neurons
the basal ganglia encodes for (4)
decision to move
direction to move
amplitude of movement
motor expression of motors
_ funnels cortical information through motor circuits
basal ganglia
together the putamen and the caudate nucleus are called the _
striatum
What gives the putamen and caudate nucleus the striated appearance?
bridging fibers
the striatum is the _ nucleus to the basal ganglia
input
the striatum receives excitatory input from _ and _
cortex and subcortical structures
the globus pallidus is divided into _ and _
external and internal parts (GPe and GPi)
the globus pallidus is the main _ nucleus of the basal ganglia
output
globus pallidus gets inhibitory projections from _
thalamus
globus pallidus is also known as _
lentiform nucleus (looks like lens in cross section)
nucleus accumbens gets _ input
dopaminergic
the nucleus accumbens is integral in _ and _
limbic system and motivation and reward circuit
the subthalamic nuclei receives information from cortex and output is _ to _ and _
excitatory to globus pallidus and substantia nigra
which nuclei controls output rhythm (clock of basal ganglia)
subthalamic nuclei
the substantia nigra is dopaminergic neurons that project to the (3)
putamen, caudate nucleus, and subthalamic nucleus
interior section of cortex under lateral fissure
insula
main input nucleus to basal ganglia: _
-allows basal ganglia to integrate information and encode for movement
striatum
main output nucleus from basal ganglia: _
globus pallidus
globus pallidus has _ effects on thalamus
inhibitory (tonic inhibition) - it holds inhibition on thalamus and decreases cortical activity
globus pallidus’ inhibitory NT:
GABA
direct pathway _ tonic inhibition
lifts - facilitate movement
indirect pathway _ tonic inhibition
enhances - decreases movement
REWATCH DIRECT AND INDIRECT PATHWAYS
–
Parkinson’s disease is characterized by _
decrease in movement
Parkinson’s is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the _
substantia nigra
Parkinsons causes _ of direct pathway and _ of indirect pathway
loss of excitatory
loss of fine tuning of indirect, indirect takes over (indirect puts breaks on direct and suppresses movement)
the motor circuit is integrated in the _ and mediated by _ pathway(s)
putamen
direct and indirect
disorder of motor circuit causes too little or excessive movement, such as in: (3)
Parkinson’s
Ballism
Huntington’s disease
oculomotor circuit directs _
gase and orientation of eye to “reward”
input for the oculomotor circuit comes from cortex and output acts on what 2 nucleus? what do they do?
VA - FEF to initiate gaze
DM - works with limbic system to direct gaze to reward
in oculomotor circuit, substantia nigra communicates with _
superior colliculus
associative circuit role is _
planning/ cognitive components of movement
associative circuit output acts on _ and _
VA and CM
the limbic circuit is involved in _
regulation of emotion, motivation, and affect (facial expressions)
with Parkinson’s disease is a blank stare.. you can be clued to which area?
UMN -> limbic lobe
Which 2 nuclei of the basal ganglia make up the striatum?
putamen and caudate nucleus
Which nucleus of the basal ganglia serves as the main output nucleus, ultimately regulating thalamic activity
globus pallidus
Parkinsons’s disease is due to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the _
substantia nigra
