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Neuroanatomy > 4 - Eye Movements > Flashcards

4 - Eye Movements Flashcards

1
Q

lateral wall is _ degrees from sagittal plane, and axis of orbit is _ degrees laterally from axis of globe

A

45, 23

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2
Q

secondary movement of superior rectus:

A

intorsion

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3
Q

secondary movement of inferior rectus:

A

extorsion

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4
Q

to isolate movement of superior and inferior rectus, eye must be 23 degrees _

A

abducted

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5
Q

secondary movement of inferior oblique:

A

elevation

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6
Q

when eye is adducted, SO _

A

depresses eye

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7
Q

when eye is abducted, SO _

A

intorts eye

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8
Q

_ portion of CN III innervate 4/6 EOMs and levator

A

somatic efferent

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9
Q

_ portion of CN III innervates parasympathetic pupil and ciliary body

A

visceral efferent

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10
Q

oculomotor nuclear complex lies in _

A

tegmentum of midbrain

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11
Q

LMNs leave oculomotor nuclear complex and enter orbit via:
superior division to _ _
inferior division to _ _ _ _

A

SR, levator

IR, IO, MR, parasympathetic fibers

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12
Q

trochlear nerve is longest and most susceptible to damage
somatic efferent to innervates _
nucleus is found in midbrain at level of _

A

superior oblique

inferior colliculus

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13
Q

two components of abducens nerve:
somatic efferent: innervates _
interneurons: _

A

LR

relay center for coordination of eye movements, medial longitudinal fasciculus

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14
Q

abducens nucleus in pons leaves and courses over _

A

petrous ridge of temporal bone

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15
Q

SR is controlled _ by CN III

A

contralaterally

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16
Q

SO is controlled _ by CN VI

A

contralaterally

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17
Q

MR is controlled _ by III, and _ by interneurons of IV

A

ipsilaterally, contralaterally

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18
Q

MLF interconnects which 4 neurons?

A

3 4 6 8

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19
Q

MLF originates from _

A

vestibular nuclei of CN VIII

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20
Q

MLF
descending component: _
ascending component: _

A

vestibulospinal tract

coordination of eye movements

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21
Q

MLF mediates eye movements in response to vestibular stimuli, aka _

A

Vestibular-Optic Reflex (VOR)

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22
Q

MLF is heavily _

A

myelinated

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23
Q

horizontal gaze center is _

A

paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF)

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24
Q

vertical gaze center is _

A

midbrain, reticular formation, and pretectal area

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25
Q

horizontal gaze final common pathway:

ipsilateral PPRF -> ipsilateral _ nucleus -> ipsilateral LR & interneurons in MLF to contralateral III and MR

A

abducens

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26
Q

PPRF:horizontal gaze::_:vertical gaze

A

rostral interstitial nucleus of MLF & interstitial nucleus of Cajal & pretectal area

27
Q

_ portions mediate downgaze, and _ portions mediate upgaze

A

anterior; posterior

28
Q

FEF and visual association areas project to vertical gaze centers via _

A

superior colliculus

29
Q

from vertical gaze centers, signal travels _ to CN III and IV

A

bilaterally

30
Q

visual system is _ during saccadic eye movement

A

suppressed

31
Q

cortical areas (lobes) involved in saccades: _ _

A

parietal (visual association) and frontal (FEF)

32
Q

reflexive saccades are _ guided in response to external visual cues

A

visually

33
Q

volitional saccades are _ of visual stimulus and more complex

A

independent

34
Q

looking away from something, saying “I’m not going to look”

A

antisaccades

35
Q

look towards where you remember something was

A

memory saccades

36
Q

baseball moves too fast, predict where its going to be

A

predictive saccades

37
Q

the superior colliculus is a layered structure
superficial layers receive input from _
deep layers have motor neurons that project to _ to initiate saccades

A

LGN

PPRF

38
Q

3 saccadic neurons

A

pause, burst, tonic

39
Q

pause neurons _ burst cells, engage saccade by _

A

constantly inhibit; releasing inhibition

40
Q

burst cells produce _ and control _

A

brief pulse of innervation; velocity

41
Q

burst cells are followed by tonic cells that provide _

A

constant step of innervation and holds it in place

42
Q

_ cells control final position of eye

A

tonic cells

43
Q

with saccades,
agonist is _
antagonist is _

A

excitatory

inhibitory

44
Q

combination of pulse and step results in smooth movements with saccades; normal saccade has a gain of _

A

0.92

45
Q

typical latency of a saccade is _ ms, shorter if predicatble

A

180-200

46
Q

hypometric saccade is when eye doesn’t move far enough; _ is too low

A

pulse/burst

47
Q

slow saccade occurs when _ takes a long time

A

pulse

48
Q

gaze evoked saccade occurs when _ fizzle out

A

tonic

49
Q

pursuits do not orient eyes toward a target, they _

A

keep the target on the fovea

50
Q

smooth pursuits is integration of _ _ _ _ _

A

cortical information, cerebellar, vestibular, CN VI and III

51
Q

smooth pursuit is only possible with _

A

slow moving objects

52
Q

both sides of the cortex are active at the same time in order to _

A

keep objects centered on fovea

53
Q

when you think smooth pursuit, contralateral or ipsilateral?

A

ipsilateral

54
Q

2 phases of pursuits:

A

open loop - gets eye moving

closed loop - eye responds to alterations in retinal image produced by eye movements (adjusts velocity)

55
Q

latency of pursuit initiation is _ ms

A

130 (much faster than saccade)

56
Q

saccades are all about: _

pursuits are all about: _

A

position

velocity

57
Q

anterior canal moves eyes: _
posterior canal moves eyes: _
horizontal canal moves eyes: _

A

upward
downward
laterally

58
Q

_ reflex adjusts head movements so that gaze can remain fixed on object even though head is moving

A

vestibuloocular reflex

59
Q

nystagmus is named for direction of _

A

fast phase

60
Q

vestibular nystagmus is activated by _

A

rotation of head -> VOR

61
Q

optokinetic nystagmus is elicited by _

A

visual stimuli

62
Q

following phone poles is an example of _

A

optokinetic nystagmus

63
Q

caloric testing mneumonic is _

A

COWS (cold opposite, warm same)

Neuroanatomy (12 decks)

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