3 - Brainstem and Reticular Formation (10) Flashcards
brainstem connects cortex and spinal cord with _
cerebellum
brainstem is located where in relation to skull?
posterior cranial fossa
brainstem merges with spinal cord at _
foramen magnum
the tectum is part of the midbrain and contains which important structures?
superior and inferior colliculi
the _ is considered the core of the brainstem
tegmentum
the hypothalamus is located where?
midbrain
the cerebral peduncles (aka crus cerebri) are located where?
midbrain
inferior and superior colliculi are located where?
posterior midbrain
red nucleus and substantia nigra are located where?
midbrain
high iron deposition in _
red nucleus
dopaminergic neurons are located in _
substantia nigra
the bridge of the pons is called the _
basilar groove
trigeminal and facial nuclei is located at what level of brainstem?
pons
olives and pyramids are located at _
medulla oblongata
do the pyramids decussate?
yes
open and closed portions of the medulla?
superior: open
inferior: closed
fasciculus gracilis is _
fasciculus cuneatus is _
medial
lateral
junction between open and closed medulla is the _
obex
nucleus ambiguous controls _
throat muscles
solitary tract nucleus receives _ sensations
taste
dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve controls _ functions of CN X
parasympathetic
network of neurons throughout brainstem and spinal cord
reticular formation
the reticular formation coordinates _ patterns
and modifies _ information
complex motor (coughing, swallowing, breathing) sensory
reticular formation plays a key role in _
consciousness
_ is the “integrator of the CNS”
reticular formation
the lateral zone of the reticular zone processes _ information; receives info from _ tract
afferent (sensory)
spinoreticular
lateral zone reticular neurons project to:
- medial zone: _
- NT system: _
- thalamus:_
- hypothalamus:_
modulate motor function
consciousness
influence cortical output
influence autonomic output
the medial zone of the reticular formation processes _ information
efferent (motor)
the medial zone receives information from: (5)
cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum, spinal cord
_ maintains muscle tone during movements
medial zone of reticular formation
3 functional components of the reticular formation:
lateral zone
medial zone
NT systems
3 main neurotransmitter systems in the reticular formation:
dopaminergic
noradrenergic
setotonergic
(cholinergic and histaminergic)
dopaminergic system:
substantia nigra projects to _,
this plays an important role in _
caudate nucleus in putament
control of movement (Parkinson’s Disease)
dopaminergic system: ventral tegmental area projects to _, plays a role in _ _ disrupt this _ mimic this neural pattern
CNS (nucleus accumbens)
reward, motivation, and emotion
depression and anxiety
addictive drus
substantia nigra plays major role in control of _
movement
2 divisions of dopaminergic system:
nigrostriatal (substantia nigra - movement)
mesocorticolimbic (nucleus accumbens - motivation, reward, emotion)
primary NT for noradrenergic system: _
norepinephrine
noradrenergic system is located _
in locus coeruleus (pons)
noradrenergic system projects to _, and firing may be _
widespread CNS, tonic or phasic
main functions of noradrenergic system:
attention, sleep/wake cycle, mood, pain
serotonergic system is housed in _
raphe nucleu
serotonergic system is involved in regulation of _
MOOD, appetitie, sleep, pain modulation, memory and learning
modulation of _ is major action of anti-depressant meds
serotonin (block the reuptake)
cholinergic system NT is _
Ach
cholinergic system projects to _ and is involved in _
thalamus, arousal and motor function (enhances synapses)
histaminergic system plays a role in _
arousal and alertness
central pattern generator is made up of what 2 groups?
posterior respiratory group and anterior respiratory group
posterior respiratory group does: (3)
modulates respiratory patterns
sensory from chemo and stretch receptors in lung
motor to inspiration muscles
anterior respiratory group does: (1)
coordinates innervation of inspiratory and expiratory muscles
breathing is USUALLY a passive process–
when it is not, _ is in control
anterior respiratory group
nonrespiratory functions of respiratory neurons: (3)
emesis, hiccups, coughing
there are many causes of emesis (vomiting): one being the activation of _
area postrema (fenestrated blood vessels so toxins can pass through)
stimulation of peripheral parts cause hiccuping and coughing, specifically:
hiccups - diaphragm
cough - upper airway
what is often the first symptom of medullary damage?
hiccuping (inspiratory and expiratory muscles are no longer coordinated)
What is the name of the area in the brainstem that stimulates the emetic (vomiting) center when compressed by increase intracranial pressure?
Area Postrema
CN IV is located in the _ at the level of the _
midbrain; inferior colliculus
Which neurotransmitter system plays a role in addiction?
dopamine from the VTA
