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Neuroanatomy > 3 - Brainstem and Reticular Formation (10) > Flashcards

3 - Brainstem and Reticular Formation (10) Flashcards

1
Q

brainstem connects cortex and spinal cord with _

A

cerebellum

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2
Q

brainstem is located where in relation to skull?

A

posterior cranial fossa

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3
Q

brainstem merges with spinal cord at _

A

foramen magnum

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4
Q

the tectum is part of the midbrain and contains which important structures?

A

superior and inferior colliculi

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5
Q

the _ is considered the core of the brainstem

A

tegmentum

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6
Q

the hypothalamus is located where?

A

midbrain

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7
Q

the cerebral peduncles (aka crus cerebri) are located where?

A

midbrain

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8
Q

inferior and superior colliculi are located where?

A

posterior midbrain

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9
Q

red nucleus and substantia nigra are located where?

A

midbrain

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10
Q

high iron deposition in _

A

red nucleus

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11
Q

dopaminergic neurons are located in _

A

substantia nigra

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12
Q

the bridge of the pons is called the _

A

basilar groove

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13
Q

trigeminal and facial nuclei is located at what level of brainstem?

A

pons

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14
Q

olives and pyramids are located at _

A

medulla oblongata

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15
Q

do the pyramids decussate?

A

yes

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16
Q

open and closed portions of the medulla?

A

superior: open
inferior: closed

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17
Q

fasciculus gracilis is _

fasciculus cuneatus is _

A

medial

lateral

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18
Q

junction between open and closed medulla is the _

A

obex

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19
Q

nucleus ambiguous controls _

A

throat muscles

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20
Q

solitary tract nucleus receives _ sensations

A

taste

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21
Q

dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve controls _ functions of CN X

A

parasympathetic

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22
Q

network of neurons throughout brainstem and spinal cord

A

reticular formation

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23
Q

the reticular formation coordinates _ patterns

and modifies _ information

A 
complex motor (coughing, swallowing, breathing)
sensory
24
Q

reticular formation plays a key role in _

A

consciousness

25
Q

_ is the “integrator of the CNS”

A

reticular formation

26
Q

the lateral zone of the reticular zone processes _ information; receives info from _ tract

A

afferent (sensory)

spinoreticular

27
Q

lateral zone reticular neurons project to:

  • medial zone: _
  • NT system: _
  • thalamus:_
  • hypothalamus:_
A

modulate motor function
consciousness
influence cortical output
influence autonomic output

28
Q

the medial zone of the reticular formation processes _ information

A

efferent (motor)

29
Q

the medial zone receives information from: (5)

A

cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum, spinal cord

30
Q

_ maintains muscle tone during movements

A

medial zone of reticular formation

31
Q

3 functional components of the reticular formation:

A

lateral zone
medial zone
NT systems

32
Q

3 main neurotransmitter systems in the reticular formation:

A

dopaminergic
noradrenergic
setotonergic
(cholinergic and histaminergic)

33
Q

dopaminergic system:
substantia nigra projects to _,
this plays an important role in _

A

caudate nucleus in putament

control of movement (Parkinson’s Disease)

34
Q 
dopaminergic system: 
ventral tegmental area projects to _,
plays a role in _
_ disrupt this
_ mimic this neural pattern
A

CNS (nucleus accumbens)
reward, motivation, and emotion
depression and anxiety
addictive drus

35
Q

substantia nigra plays major role in control of _

A

movement

36
Q

2 divisions of dopaminergic system:

A

nigrostriatal (substantia nigra - movement)

mesocorticolimbic (nucleus accumbens - motivation, reward, emotion)

37
Q

primary NT for noradrenergic system: _

A

norepinephrine

38
Q

noradrenergic system is located _

A

in locus coeruleus (pons)

39
Q

noradrenergic system projects to _, and firing may be _

A

widespread CNS, tonic or phasic

40
Q

main functions of noradrenergic system:

A

attention, sleep/wake cycle, mood, pain

41
Q

serotonergic system is housed in _

A

raphe nucleu

42
Q

serotonergic system is involved in regulation of _

A

MOOD, appetitie, sleep, pain modulation, memory and learning

43
Q

modulation of _ is major action of anti-depressant meds

A

serotonin (block the reuptake)

44
Q

cholinergic system NT is _

A

Ach

45
Q

cholinergic system projects to _ and is involved in _

A

thalamus, arousal and motor function (enhances synapses)

46
Q

histaminergic system plays a role in _

A

arousal and alertness

47
Q

central pattern generator is made up of what 2 groups?

A

posterior respiratory group and anterior respiratory group

48
Q

posterior respiratory group does: (3)

A

modulates respiratory patterns
sensory from chemo and stretch receptors in lung
motor to inspiration muscles

49
Q

anterior respiratory group does: (1)

A

coordinates innervation of inspiratory and expiratory muscles

50
Q

breathing is USUALLY a passive process–

when it is not, _ is in control

A

anterior respiratory group

51
Q

nonrespiratory functions of respiratory neurons: (3)

A

emesis, hiccups, coughing

52
Q

there are many causes of emesis (vomiting): one being the activation of _

A

area postrema (fenestrated blood vessels so toxins can pass through)

53
Q

stimulation of peripheral parts cause hiccuping and coughing, specifically:

A

hiccups - diaphragm

cough - upper airway

54
Q

what is often the first symptom of medullary damage?

A

hiccuping (inspiratory and expiratory muscles are no longer coordinated)

55
Q

What is the name of the area in the brainstem that stimulates the emetic (vomiting) center when compressed by increase intracranial pressure?

A

Area Postrema

56
Q

CN IV is located in the _ at the level of the _

A

midbrain; inferior colliculus

57
Q

Which neurotransmitter system plays a role in addiction?

A

dopamine from the VTA

Neuroanatomy (12 decks)

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