Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

The ________ makes up 95% of the cortex in humans.

A

Neocortex

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2
Q

The _______ contains the uncus and olfaction.

A

Paleocortex

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3
Q

The ______ contains most of the hippocampus.

A

Archicortex

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4
Q

What neurons are found in the neocortex?

A
  1. Pyramidal cells

2. Nonpyramidal cells: Basket, Candle, and Bipolar

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5
Q

T/F: Apical dendrites go to the cortical surface and basal dendrites go horizontally.

A

TRUE

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6
Q

Where on the neurons are the sites of synapses that are selectively modified for learning?

A

Dendritic spines

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7
Q

Most nonpyramidal cells make ________ synapses.

A

Inhibitory

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8
Q

_____ stellate cells are excitatory, and _____ stellate cells are inhibitory.

A

Spiny; smooth

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9
Q

What is the laminar organization of the cortex?

A
  1. Molecular
  2. Outer granular
  3. Outer pyramidal
  4. Inner granular
  5. Inner pyramidal
  6. Fusiform
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10
Q

T/F: As you move from the outer layers of the cortex to the inner layers the cells get bigger?

A

TRUE

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11
Q

What are the five sources of afferents to the cortex?

A
  1. Association fibers: ipsilateral pyramidal cells
  2. Commissural fibers: corpus callosum or anterior commisure
  3. Thalamocortical
  4. Non-specific thalamocortical
  5. Cholinergic and aminergic
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12
Q

Where are cholinergic and aminergic fibers from?

A

Basal forebrain, hypothalamus, braistem

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13
Q

What is the difference between thalamocortical fibers and non-specific thalamocortical fibers?

A

Thalamocortical: relay or association nuclei

NS Thalamocortical: Intralaminar nuclei

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14
Q

What are the various efferent fibers from the cortex?

A
  1. Short association
  2. Long association
  3. Commissural fibers
  4. Fibers to basal ganglia
  5. Fibers to thalamus
  6. Corticopontine, corticospinal, and corticobulbar
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15
Q

All efferents from the cerebrum are _______ cell axons and are _______ (excitory/inhibitory).

A

pyramidal; excitory

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16
Q

What are the two major commissures in the cerebrum?

A
  1. Corpus callosum

2. Anterior commissure: temporal lobes and olfactory nuclei

17
Q

Which parts of the brain do not recieve commissural fibers?

A
  1. Hand areas

2. Primary visual cortex

18
Q

What is Alexia without agraphia?

A

A disease where one can write but not read

19
Q

T/F: The somatosensory cortex is agranular.

A

FALSE

Primary motor = agranular

Somatosensory = granular

20
Q

T/F: Areas that send off long axons have more pyramidal cells.

21
Q

As you move laterally on the sensory area of the cerebrum which way do you move in the body?

A

From legs to face and mouth

22
Q

What is the major function of the parietal lobe?

A
  1. Processing of tactile and proprioception
  2. Language (just left)
  3. Spatial orientation and directing attention
23
Q

Which occipital lobe layers are for the contralateral eye?

A

1, 4, and 6

24
Q

Where is the macula represented in the occipital lobe?

A

Most posteriorly

25
T/F: Parvocellular = ventral stream. Magnocellular = dorsal stream
TRUE
26
What are the functions of the temporal lobe?
1. Auditory complex 2. Language comprehension (Wernike's area) 3. Higher order visual processing
27
What and where is Broca's area?
Frontal lobe; Production of spoken and written language
28
What areas of the brain are associated with higher mental functions?
Association areas
29
What are the two types of association areas?
1. Unimodal: elaborates primary area | 2. Multimodal: high level intellectual functions
30
What denotes dominant hemisphere?
Produces and comprehends language (Wernike's and Broca's areas)
31
Which hemisphere is often dominant?
LEFT
32
Anatomically how is the dominant hemisphere seen?
Left lateral sulcus extends farther posteriorly
33
What is aphasia?
Inability to use language
34
What area is often injured in nonfluent aphasia?
Broca's: can comprehend but not speak well
35
What area is often injured in fluent aphasia?
Wernike's: can speak more but unable to comprehend language
36
What part of language comes from the right hemisphere?
Emotion in language; musical aspects of speech
37
If a patient injures the right parietal lobe how might this show?
Patient has trouble with the left side of his body
38
If a patient injures the left parietal lobe how might this show?
Patient struggles with planned movements