Cereal Grains Flashcards by Sydney H

most worldwide fed grain

corn

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western canada main grain

barley

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eastern canada main grain

corn

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cereal grain composistion general trend

high starch
low fiber
intermediate protein

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grains can be fed up to __% of diet DM

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foundation crop of canadas feedlot industry

barley

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importance of corn

highest level of starch and energy but lowest ruminal degradable starch

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corn rations typically require supplemental _____

protein

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importance of wheat

primarily used for human food
in animals more used for poultry ans swine

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when would wheat be directed to ruminant animals

mycotoxins bc rumen can handle higher levels

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beef producers often limit wheat content of a diet to __%

<50%

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_____ ferments rapidly in rumen leading to

wheat
bloat and acidosis

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corn in western canada

corn silage is used but not grain bc we dont have enough heat units to produce grain

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cereal structure outside in (5 laybers)

pericarp
testa
nucellus
aleurone
endosperm

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what part of the grain is high in oil

embryo

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why crack barley

increase digestion and efficiency of use

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2 types of corn endosperm

floury and vitreous

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floury endosperm

more open and opaque

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vitreous endosperm

hard endosperm and translucent

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amylose vs amylopectin

amylose is linear, digests slower
amylopectin has branching and digests faster

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husk and pericarp makes up __% weight of a barley kernel

10%

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testa and aleurone makes up __% of weight of barley kernel

14%

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aleurone layer is rich in _______

protien

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B glucans in barley

ruminants can handle, monogastrics cant so much

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starchy endosperms of barley % kernel weight

73%

embryo in barley % kernel weight

test weight

measure of density. weight of specific volume

imperial bushel is _____ L

36.369 L

low bushel weight indicated ____ starch and ___ fiber

low starch high fiber

important considerations for grain nutrient comp

each sample is unique, test your own processing method changes availabilities

2 limiting factors of starch digestion

bran being resistant to microbial attachment and penetration starch is encased in protein matrix

grains that only rumen fungi can penetrate protein matrix

corn and sorghum

1/2 and 1/4 kernel impacts on corn and sorghum DM disappearance compared to wheat and barley

corn and sorghum didnt much change wheat and barley increased dissapearance

what processing has highest fermentation rate

steam flakes steam rolled

fastest fermenting grain

wheat

protozoa role in ruminal starch fermentation

slow rate of fermentation by engulfing starch granuals

problem with grinding

too many fines

how does silage increase digestibility

acidity breaks down matrix

screen size for grinding

3/8"

desired fines %

3-5

consequences of excessive fines

decreased palatability increase digestive upset liver abscesses reduced performance

typical processing index

65-80% desire around 70

high processing index

starch passing through to feces

PI =

wt processed / wt whole x 100

tempering grain with water allows

smaller gap in rollers without so many fines

% moisture for tempering

18-20%

when would someone want to temper (5)

aggressive finishing extended periods on feed very dry barley varying kernel sizes poor bunk management

steam application time for both steam rolling and flaking

rolling 5-20 min flaking 15-30 min

reasons for steam processing

enlarges starch granuals gelatinize starch reduced fines

high moisture grain % moisture

effect of dry roll vs thin flake barley

not much different (3%) is it worth flaking

starch is utilized more effectively when processed in the

abomasum and small intestine despite SI being limiting

why is starch digestion limiting in SI

insufficient amylase secretion starch not in an eaily available form

how should you practically get starch digested

maximize ruminal starch digestion

steam flaking barley has _____ improvement in Grain:feed

8.6%

steam flaking and tempering barley and fecal starch

tempering increases starch lost in feces while flaking decreases

impact on steam flaked vs whole corn

little difference either way loosing alot of starch in feces

corn steam flake reccomendations

30-45min 5-8% added moisture

when is corn better investment than barley

if it is steam flaked it is better due to better energy dont pay more for it unless you can steam flake

barley vs corn protein

barley doesnt need additional protein while corn does

difference in barley type

not at all

does processing or quality have greater influences

processing

replacement of barley with wheat

lower feed intake improve feed efficiency

wheat impact on DMI

reduced

wheat impact on digestibility

improved

wheat impact on acidosis

potential increase

soft vs hard wheat

no impacts

including monensin impact on Feed efficiency and DMI

reduced DMI improved FE

what % do you want fecal starch at

<7% max 3-5% is best