Cereal Grains Flashcards
most worldwide fed grain
corn
western canada main grain
barley
eastern canada main grain
corn
cereal grain composistion general trend
high starch
low fiber
intermediate protein
grains can be fed up to __% of diet DM
90
foundation crop of canadas feedlot industry
barley
importance of corn
highest level of starch and energy but lowest ruminal degradable starch
corn rations typically require supplemental _____
protein
importance of wheat
primarily used for human food
in animals more used for poultry ans swine
when would wheat be directed to ruminant animals
mycotoxins bc rumen can handle higher levels
beef producers often limit wheat content of a diet to __%
<50%
_____ ferments rapidly in rumen leading to
wheat
bloat and acidosis
corn in western canada
corn silage is used but not grain bc we dont have enough heat units to produce grain
cereal structure outside in (5 laybers)
pericarp
testa
nucellus
aleurone
endosperm
what part of the grain is high in oil
embryo
why crack barley
increase digestion and efficiency of use
2 types of corn endosperm
floury and vitreous
floury endosperm
more open and opaque
vitreous endosperm
hard endosperm and translucent
amylose vs amylopectin
amylose is linear, digests slower
amylopectin has branching and digests faster
husk and pericarp makes up __% weight of a barley kernel
10%
testa and aleurone makes up __% of weight of barley kernel
14%
aleurone layer is rich in _______
protien
B glucans in barley
ruminants can handle, monogastrics cant so much
starchy endosperms of barley % kernel weight
73%
embryo in barley % kernel weight
3%
test weight
measure of density. weight of specific volume
imperial bushel is _____ L
36.369 L
low bushel weight indicated ____ starch and ___ fiber
low starch
high fiber
important considerations for grain nutrient comp
each sample is unique, test your own
processing method changes availabilities
2 limiting factors of starch digestion
bran being resistant to microbial attachment and penetration
starch is encased in protein matrix
grains that only rumen fungi can penetrate protein matrix
corn and sorghum
1/2 and 1/4 kernel impacts on corn and sorghum DM disappearance compared to wheat and barley
corn and sorghum didnt much change
wheat and barley increased dissapearance
what processing has highest fermentation rate
steam flakes
steam rolled
fastest fermenting grain
wheat
protozoa role in ruminal starch fermentation
slow rate of fermentation by engulfing starch granuals
problem with grinding
too many fines
how does silage increase digestibility
acidity breaks down matrix
screen size for grinding
3/8”
desired fines %
3-5
consequences of excessive fines
decreased palatability
increase digestive upset
liver abscesses
reduced performance
typical processing index
65-80% desire around 70
high processing index
starch passing through to feces
PI =
wt processed / wt whole x 100
tempering grain with water allows
smaller gap in rollers without so many fines
% moisture for tempering
18-20%
when would someone want to temper (5)
aggressive finishing
extended periods on feed
very dry barley
varying kernel sizes
poor bunk management
steam application time for both steam rolling and flaking
rolling 5-20 min
flaking 15-30 min
reasons for steam processing
enlarges starch granuals
gelatinize starch
reduced fines
high moisture grain % moisture
30
effect of dry roll vs thin flake barley
not much different (3%)
is it worth flaking
starch is utilized more effectively when processed in the
abomasum and small intestine
despite SI being limiting
why is starch digestion limiting in SI
insufficient amylase secretion
starch not in an eaily available form
how should you practically get starch digested
maximize ruminal starch digestion
steam flaking barley has _____ improvement in Grain:feed
8.6%
steam flaking and tempering barley and fecal starch
tempering increases starch lost in feces while flaking decreases
impact on steam flaked vs whole corn
little difference
either way loosing alot of starch in feces
corn steam flake reccomendations
30-45min
5-8% added moisture
when is corn better investment than barley
if it is steam flaked it is better due to better energy
dont pay more for it unless you can steam flake
barley vs corn protein
barley doesnt need additional protein while corn does
difference in barley type
not at all
does processing or quality have greater influences
processing
replacement of barley with wheat
lower feed intake
improve feed efficiency
wheat impact on DMI
reduced
wheat impact on digestibility
improved
wheat impact on acidosis
potential increase
soft vs hard wheat
no impacts
including monensin impact on Feed efficiency and DMI
reduced DMI
improved FE
what % do you want fecal starch at
<7% max
3-5% is best
