central nervous system

Question 1

layers of the meninges

Answer 1

dura mater: outermost layer
subarachnoid mater: middle layer
pia mater: inner most layer

Question 2

how do cranial bones and vertebral column protect the CNS

Answer 2

provides hard shell that shields brain and spinal cord

Question 3

structure of dura mater in brain vs spinal cord

Answer 3

dura mater in brain: periosteal layer (skull) and meningeal layer (subarachnoid)

dura mater in spinal cord: only meningeal layer exists

Question 4

structure and location of dural venous sinuses

Answer 4

located in the folds where periosteal and meningeal layers separate
–> superior sagittal sinus: along top of brain
–> transverse sinus: horseshoe around cerebellum

Question 5

role of dural venous sinuses in drainage of blood from brain

Answer 5

dural sinuses collect blood from brains venous system and drain into jugular vein

Question 6

structure and function of cranial dural septa (folds)

Answer 6

falx cerebri: separates cerebral hemispheres
tentonrium cerebelli: separates cerebrum and cerebellum
falx cerebelli: separates two halves of cerebellum

Question 7

locations of epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces and which contain CSF

Answer 7

epi: above dura mater (potential space
subdural: between dural and arachnoid mater (potential space)
subarachnoid: between arachnoid and pia (filled with CSF)

Question 8

functions of CSF

Answer 8

provides cushion to CNS, removes metabolic wastes, buoyancy

Question 9

production, flow, and reabsorption of CSF

Answer 9

(choroid plexus) lateral ventricles –> intervertebral foramina –> third ventricle –> cerebral aqueduct –> fourth ventricle –> subarachnoid space/arachnoid granulations (reabsorb)

Question 10

gyrus

Answer 10

surface fold

Question 11

sulcus

Answer 11

shallow groove

Question 12

fissure

Answer 12

deep trench

Question 13

cerebrum

Answer 13

contains frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes, and insula
–> longitudinal fissure (divides hemispheres), central sulcus, lateral sulcus, precentral gyrus, and postcentral gyrus

Question 14

diencephalon

Answer 14

inner brain
made of thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

Question 15

brainstem

Answer 15

connects to spinal cord (reticular formation)
contains midbrain, medulla, and pons

Question 16

cerebellum

Answer 16

largest part of hindbrain
made of cortex (gray matter), arbor vitae (white matter), cerebellar peduncles to connect it to brain stem

Question 17

describe ventricular system components

Question 18

describe 3 major cerebral regions

Answer 18

cortex
white matter
basal nuclei

Question 19

describe primary function cortical areas of cerebrum

Answer 19

motor
somatosensory
auditory
visual
olfactory
gustatory

Question 20

cerebral location and function broca vs wernicke area

Answer 20

brocas: anterior; controls speech production
wernicke: posterior; process and comprehend speech

Question 21

major components of diencephanlon

Answer 21

thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

Question 22

strucutre and function of thalamus

Answer 22

bouncer (main and final relay point)
–> filters out unimportant stimulus
motor control
role in limbic system

Question 23

structure and function of hypothalamus (autonomic and endocrine)

Answer 23

president
–>autonomic: controls heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate
–> endocrine: produces hormones (pituitary gland)
–> homeostatic (body temp, food and water, circadian rhythm, emotional behavior)

Question 24

epithithalmus and pineal gland

Answer 24

secretes melatonin

Question 25

3 subdivisions of brain stem

Answer 25

mid brain
pons
medulla

Question 26

structure of midbrain

Answer 26

cerebral peduncle: connects cerebrum to brain stem
cerebellar peduncles: connects cerebellum to brain stem
substantia nigeria: darkened area of gray matter
red nuclei: red area
colliculi: vision (superior) auditory (inferior)

Question 27

function of midbrain

Answer 27

dopamine production, posture and fine motor control (parkinsons)

Question 28

structure of pons

Answer 28

longitudinal tract: between brain and spinal cord
middle cerebellar peduncle: anchors pons to cerebellum

Question 29

function of pons

Answer 29

reticular formation, breathing and sleep/wake cycle

Question 30

structure of medulla

Answer 30

inferior cerebellar peduncles
pyramids (corticospinal tracts): descending pathways controlling voluntary movement
decussation: point where descending pathways cross each other

Question 31

function of medulla

Answer 31

critical for ANS (involuntary things that keep up alive)
–> cardiovascular, respiratory, vomiting, sneeze reflexes

Question 32

function of cerebellum

Answer 32

coordination, fine tune motor output, equilibrium/posture, proprioception, spatial awareness

Question 33

components and functions of limbic system

Answer 33

amgydala (fear response), hypothalamus (ANS and circadian rhythm), hippocampus (memory), cingulate gyrus

Question 34

anatomy of spinal cord

Answer 34

meninges (dura, arachnoid, and pia
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar
cervical and lumbar enlargement
conus medullaris (L1-L2)
cauda equina
filum terminale end at coccyx