Cellular adaptations L4

Question 1

why do cells undergo hypertrophy ?

Answer 1

due to synthesis of more cell organelles and cytoplasmic structural proteins.

Question 2

what type of cells undergo hypertrophy?

Answer 2

cells that are unable to divide

Question 3

what would be an example of physiologic hypertrophy and what would be an example of pathologic hyper trophy?

Answer 3

physiologic hypertrophy would be skeletal muscle hypertrophy in athletes and hypertrophy of smooth muscles of pregnant uterus while pathologic hypertrophy would be left ventricular hypertrophy in long standing hypertention

Question 4

what type of cells undergo hyperplasia?

Answer 4

cells that are capable of dividing .

Question 5

what cell adaptations cause increase in organ size?

Answer 5

hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Question 6

why do cells undergo Atrophy?

Answer 6

due to loss of cell substance and cell-cell loss.

Question 7

what is cell-cell loss

Answer 7

one cell holds another cell with certain intermediate filaments which are present between cells .when this cell-cell connection is lost there will be shrinkage in cell size.

Question 8

what are the types of atrophy?

Answer 8

decreased workload (disuse atrophy)

pressure atrophy

inadequate nutrition

loss of nerve supply

Question 9

what is dysplasia usually paired with?

Answer 9

dysplasia usually occurs after metaplasia

Question 10

what is the difference between genotype and phenotype ?

Answer 10

phenotype is the difference in the appearance , development and behavior , genotype is the genetic pattern

Question 11

why does Atrophy occur?

Answer 11

because there was a loss in cellular contents such as proteins

Question 12

increased growth factor or growth hormones in the body means more is demanded , what cell adaptation occurs in order to try and fulfill this demand ?

Answer 12

hyperplasia or hypertrophy

Question 13

describe the arraignment of cells after metaplasia

Answer 13

uncoordinated and misaligned

Question 14

what cellular adaptation may result from chronic irritation ?

Answer 14

metaplasia

Question 15

give examples of physiological and pathological hypertrophy .

Answer 15

muscle growth due to exercise and hypertrophy of smooth muscles of the pregnant uterus are physiological

an example of pathologic hypertrophy is the left ventricular chamber of the heart being enlarged due to hypertension

Question 16

give some examples of physiological and pathological hyperplasia

Answer 16

physiological :
increase in number of smooth muscles in the uterus due to normal increase in estrogen levels during pregnancy

increase in number of glands due to normal increase in estrogens and prolactin in lactating breast

pathological :
increase in number of connective tissue fibroblasts and blood vessels in wound healing in response to excessive growth factors released at site of injury .

Question 17

give some examples of physiological and pathological atrophy

Answer 17

physiological atrophy would be the thymus gland undergoing atrophy in childhood or the uterus decreasing in size shortly after child birth

pathological atrophy would be

decreased workload

pressure (compression of tissue surrounding a growing tumor )

inadequate nutrition

loss of nerve supply( interruption of nerve supply leads to wasting of muscles and paralysis ) viral infection like polio

aging

• shrinkage of brain
• osteoperosis (in women mostly )

loss of endocrine stimulation

loss of blood supply ( adaptation before necrosis

Question 18

where are columnar cells present ?

Answer 18

respiratory epithelium

Question 19

give an example of pathological metaplasia /

Answer 19

smoking transforming columnar epithelium in respiratory system to squamous cells

Question 20

what other cellular adaptations often accompany dysplasia ?

Answer 20

metaplasia and hyperplasia