Cell injury and cell death

Question 1

what is cellular injury ?

Answer 1

functional and morphological effects of a variation of stresses due to etiological agents a cell encounters

Question 2

what oxygen related causes can cause cellular injury ?

Answer 2

hypoxia : lack of oxygen , defect in red blood cell

ischemia : lack of blood

Question 3

what are some examples of hypoxia ?

Answer 3

anemia
carbon monoxide poisoning
lung disease

Question 4

what is an example of ischemia ?

Answer 4

arterial obstruction

Question 5

what are other agents that can cause cell injury?

Answer 5

physical agents

chemical agents

immunologic reactions

autoimmune disease ( arthritis )

( anaphylactic reaction or severe allergic reactions )

genetic derangements ( sickle cell anemia , down syndrome )

nutritional imbalances

Question 6

what biochemical structures are vulnerable to injury ?

Answer 6

cell membrane 
mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum 
DNA(nucleolus)
lysosomes

Question 7

describe what happens when Cytoplasm is injured ( cellular swelling , hydropic change , vacuolar degeneration

Answer 7

cell membrane permeability is altered there is going to be an intake of calcium , sodium and water . and an output of enzymes and potassium. The excess of water , calcium , and sodium will cause cell organelles to swell up and prevent them from carry out their functions. this is a non homeostatic condition. small bubble appearances or vacuolations are formed in the cytoplasm

Question 8

what are the adaptive cell changes in response to injury ?

Answer 8

atrophy
hyper trophy
hyperplasia
metaplasia

Question 9

what are the reversible cell responses to injury ?

Answer 9

fatty change

cellular swelling / hydropic change

Question 10

what are the irreversible cell responses to injury ?

Answer 10

apoptosis

necrosis

Question 11

when does ur body start demanding more and what happens if we don’t serve those demands ?

Answer 11

when stresses are put on it , cell start to adapt if we cannot keep up with the bodies demands

Question 12

what happens to cell that try to adapt but cannot ?

Answer 12

cell death

Question 13

where can we see physiological hypertrophy ?

Answer 13

muscles lining uterus in pregnant mothers (hyperplasia also happens )

Question 14

is metaplasia reversible ?

Answer 14

yes

Question 15

what is fatty change ?

Answer 15

fat deposition in liver due to obesity or alcohol consumption , the liver is enlarged , and its color and texture change when fat depositions exceed 5%

Question 16

FROM HERE ONWARDS : CELL INJUR AND CELL DEATH 2

Answer 16

….

Question 17

What cells can undergo hyperplasia ?

Answer 17

cells with potential to divide (cardiac , neuronal cells do NOT have that potential so they cannot undergo hyperplasia )

Question 18

what is apoptosis ?

Answer 18

programmed cell death or cell suicide

it is an active process

it is not accompanied by inflammation

example : aging

Question 19

what is the life span of RBC ?

Answer 19

120

Question 20

Describe the process of apoptosis .

Answer 20

chromatin starts to condense, cell shrinks , then membrane starts to bleb , nuclear collapse , small apoptotic bodies are formed and they are removed by the cells of the immune system

Question 21

what is an example of pathological apoptosis /

Answer 21

destruction of lymphocytes in AIDS patient ,

radiation

Question 22

what is necrosis ?

Answer 22

untimely death of cell be because of uncontrolled pathological stimuli .

it is a passive process

leads to tissue damage and inflammation

Question 23

describe the process of necrosis

Answer 23

cell enlarges due to pooling in of water , calcium , and sodium . membrane integrity is lost which results in leaking of cell content . Inflammation associated with necrosis forces lymphocytes to come to damaged cell and they start causing alot of tissue damage in the surrounding cell . finally nuclear degeneration occurs

enzymatic digestion of the cell

denaturation of intracellular proteins

Question 24

what are the different types of necrosis ?

Answer 24

coagulative
liquefactive
caseous
fat

Question 25

what is coagulative necrosis ?

Answer 25

necrosis primarily seen due to ischemia .

Question 26

what is an example of coagulative necrosis ?

Answer 26

myocardial infarction( in heart)

Question 27

what is liquefactive necrosis ?

Answer 27

necrosed cells will be digested by lysosomal enzymes . the dead tissue is eaten up by lysosomes which converts dead tissue to a thick smiley viscous mass. it is caused by hypoxia ( lack of oxygen )

Question 28

where can we see liquefactive necrosis ?

Answer 28

fungal infections and brain infarct

Question 29

what is caseous necrosis ?

Answer 29

cheese like material is formed . it is a combination of liquefactive and coagulative necrosis . bacteria causing tuburculosis ( for example) infects an area . cells in that area start dying and changing into this cheesy material

Question 30

where can caseous necrosis be seen ?

Answer 30

bacterial infections such as tuberculosis

Question 31

what is fat necrosis ?

Answer 31

only occurs in fat tissue and in pancreas in association with pancreatitis. when a patient has high cholesterol that cholesterol is deposited in the pancreas in the form of fat . in this process the pancreas start releasing lipases and proteinases which break down fat deposited and release fatty acids . the combination of fatty acids and calcium slats sap0onify to form calcium soaps which appear as chalky white deposits

Question 32

what is pancreatitis ?

Answer 32

inflammation of pancreases. usually seen in cases where the patient is an alcoholic or has gall stones