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A&P / Defs > Cells, ions, n shit > Flashcards

Cells, ions, n shit Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates) classes
F:

A

= Mono-, Di-, Poly-saccharides
= Structure & Source of energy

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2
Q

Intercalated discs:

Discs speed Vs standard cell membrane:
Syncytium:

A

= (only heart) Special tissue bands inbetween myocardial cells increase AP cell spread rate(400x) for thus Syncytium
= 400x faster than standard cell membrane drom/Inotropy
= Group of cardiac cells physiologically function as a unit, “working together in sync” “top in syncytium to bottom”

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3
Q

1Hemostasis:
2Inflammation:
3Epithelialization:
4Neovascular:
5Collagen synthesis:

A

1= vaso/strict, platelet aggregate, coagulation fibrin (normothermic)
2= Granulocytes, macrophages & Lymphocytes eat, Mast cells released
3= “rebuild” epithelial cells go to wound making scab ~48Hrs after cut
4= new capillaries made (neo new) via previous cap/s +exchanging
5 = fibroblasts go to wound & synthesize collagen creating scar (w/ tension lines quicker/better), Too much synthetization makes Keloid

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4
Q

Epithelialization of skin healing process

A

= “rebuilding” epithelial cells go to wound making scab ~48Hrs from initial exposure

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5
Q

Collagen synthesis of skin healing process

A

= fibroblasts go to wound & synthesize collagen creating scar (w/ tension lines quicker/better), Too much synthetization makes Keloid

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6
Q

cells sent with Inflammation stage of soft tissue healing

A

Granulocytes, macrophages & Lymphocytes eat & Mast cells released

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7
Q

phagocytosis:

A

macrophages eats & grows bad bacteria then grow a flag to show what antibodies to make for cellular response

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8
Q

Blood:
Plasma:
Leukocytes:
Erythrocytes:

A

= Mixture of water, cells, proteins, & suspended elements.
= makes up 55% of the blood volume
= WBC & platelets make up the “Buffy Coat”
= RBC make up 45%

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9
Q

Platelet Phase of hemostasis:

A

2nd phase, Platelets aggregate, or collect and adhere. Slows hemorrhage from capillaries and small vessels- splint fractures to decrease of clots being broken down & bleeding again

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10
Q

Coagulation Phase of hemostasis:

A

3rd phase Clotting factors activated and released into bloodstream through a very complex cascade of events Triggers series of chemical reactions; formation of strong protein fibers (fibrin)

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11
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier) built so:

Prevents & Protects:

A

= CNS capillary walls thicker, more complete, not as permeable as elsewhere in body.
= Doesn’t permit interstitial flow of proteins & materials as freely as normal capillaries, Protects w/ need lipid loving to get through, anything that can get through can cause damage

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12
Q

Baroreceptors) Fn:
A&P:

A

= receptors that monitor blood pressure
= Great vessels recept/ Gives feedback to brain > Sympathetic NS Activation, AArch & carotid arteries> feedback to medulla >SNS

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13
Q

CNS blood supply) 1 Brain’s % of body weight & uses for ATP
2 Brains Oxy & glucose consumption:
Brain is supplied by:

A

1= 2% }Uses lots of blood & oxy, can only use glucose for ATP
2= Consumes 25% of body’s glucose & 20% of oxygen supply
3= Circle of Willis} Carotid system (anterior) & Vertebrobasilar system (posterior)

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14
Q

Most prevalent intracellular Ion=
Most prevalent extracellular ion=

A

Potassium
Sodium

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15
Q

Hyperkalemia affects leads to=

A

messed up cell membranes leaking out of cells

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16
Q

Bone Cells

A

Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts,

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17
Q

Osteoblasts:

A

= Promote bone repair after fractures by producing bone matrix; important in PTs w/ broken bones.

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18
Q

Osteoprogenitor Cells:

A

bone Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts, aiding in bone repair post-fracture; important in bone repair from bone trauma

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19
Q

Osteocytes:

A

Help maintain bone structure & strength; crucial for understanding PTs w/ bone diseases like osteoporosis.

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20
Q

Osteoclasts:

Osteoclast disorders:

A

Resorb bone to regulate Ca+ levels, critical in PTs w/ metabolic bone disorders or Ca imbalances
= Osteoporosis & Osteopenia

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21
Q

Chondrocytes:

A

Maintain cartilage

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22
Q

Blood Cells:

A

= RBC (Erythrocytes), WBC (Leukocytes), platelets (Thrombocytes)

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22
Q

Erythrocytes F:

A

RBC Transport O2; critical in hypoxia or hemorrhage management.

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23
Q

Leukocytes

A

WBC Fight infections; increased & sent to areas of sepsis or infection.

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24
Q

Thrombocytes

A

= Platelets Facilitate clotting; essential in hemostasis

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25
Q

Immune Cells & Processes

A

Mast Cells, Macrophages, IgE (Immunoglobulin E), phagocytosis

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26
Q

Mast Cells:

A

Release histamine & other chemicals during inflammatory responses; overactivation causes allergies or anaphylaxis, underactivity impairs inflammation.

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27
Q

Macrophages:

A

Perform phagocytosis; critical in infection control & tissue repair.

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28
Q

IgE (Immunoglobulin E):

A

Triggers mast cell activation in anaphylaxis, managed w/ epinephrine

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29
Q

Phagocytosis:

A

Process where cells like macrophages & neutrophils engulf pathogens; defective phagocytosis leads to persistent infections.

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30
Q

Neurons:

A

Transmit signals via action potentials; damage results in sensory or motor deficits.

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31
Q

Keratinocytes:

A

Produce keratin to protect skin; overproduction causes thickened skin (psoriasis), underproduction increases vulnerability to injury.

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32
Q

Alveolar Cells:

A

Type I facilitate gas exchange, Type II produce surfactant to reduce alveolar collapse; dysfunction leads to respiratory distress.

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33
Q

Endocrine Cells

A

Beta Cells (Pancreas), Alpha Cells (Pancreas),
Chromaffin Cells (Adrenal Medulla)

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34
Q

Endocrine Beta Cells (Pancreas):

A

Secrete insulin to regulate blood glucose; destruction causes diabetes mellitus.

35
Q

Endocrine Alpha Cells (Pancreas):

A

Produce glucagon to increase blood glucose; overproduction results in hyperglycemia, underproduction causes hypoglycemia.

36
Q

Endocrine Chromaffin Cells (Adrenal Medulla):

A

Release epinephrine & norepinephrine; overactivity leads to hypertension (pheochromocytoma), underactivity reduces stress response.

36
Q

Chondrocytes:

A

Maintain cartilage matrix by producing collagen & proteoglycans; critical in joint cushioning & growth plates.

37
Q

Blood’s Leukocytes:

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes

38
Q

Neutrophils:

A

= First responders in bacterial infection; phagocytose pathogens & release reactive oxygen species (ROS).

39
Q

Eosinophils

A

Combat parasitic infections; involved in allergic reactions by releasing histamine.
Basophils: Release histamine & heparin to mediate inflammation.

40
Q

Monocytes

A

Differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells; phagocytose pathogens & present antigens.

40
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Include B cells (antibody production), T cells (cytotoxic & helper roles), & natural killer (NK) cells for tumor/virus destruction.

41
Q

Muscle Tissue) cells

A

Skeletal Myocytes, Cardiac Autorhythmic & Contractile Myocyes, Smooth Myocytes

42
Q

Muscle Tissue) Skeletal Myocytes:

A

Long, multinucleated cells w/ striations; enable voluntary movement via sliding filament mechanism (actin-myosin).

43
Q

Muscle Tissue)Cardiac Myocytes types

A

Autorhythmic, Contractile & Smooth Myocytes

44
Q

Cardiac Muscle T.) Autorhythmic Cells:
Contractile Cells:

A

=Generate & conduct electrical impulses; include SA & AV node cells for heart rhythm control.
= Perform mechanical contraction, ejecting blood during systole.

45
Q

Nervous system) major components

A

= Neurons, Neurotransmitters, Glial cells,

45
Q

Muscle Tissue) Smooth Myocytes

A

= Non-striated cells in visceral organs; control involuntary processes like peristalsis & vasoconstriction.

46
Q

Nervous System) Neurons

A

= Specialized for signal transmission; sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), & interneurons.

46
Q

Nervous System) Neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine (ACh), Dopamine, Serotonin, Glutamate, GABA

47
Q

NS Neurotransmitters) Acetylcholine (ACh):
Dopamine:
Serotonin:

A

= Excitatory in skeletal muscles; inhibitory in cardiac muscle.
= Modulates motor control, mood, & reward pathways.
= Regulates mood, sleep, & gut motility.

48
Q

Nervous system) Afferent neurons
Efferent neurons
Interneurons

A

= sensory transmit stimuli from body to CNS.
= Motor Transmit signals from CNS to muscles & glands.
= Facilitate communication between sensory & motor neurons in the CNS

49
Q

NS Neurotransmitters) Glutamate:
GABA:

A

= Main excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS.
= Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS.

50
Q

Nervous System) Glial cells

A

Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, Schwann Cells:

51
Q

NS Glial cells) Astrocytes:
Microglia:
Oligodendrocytes:
Schwann Cells:

A

= Regulate blood-brain barrier & nutrient supply
= Immune defense in CNS.
= Myelinate CNS axons.
= Myelinate PNS axons.

52
Q

Endocrine/Hormones System) Glucagon:
Insulin:
Cortisol

A

: Secreted by alpha cells of pancreas; increases BG by stimulating glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis. Binds to receptors on liver, adipose tissue, & heart (reg/s CO).
= Secreted by beta cells; lowers BG by enhancing cellular uptake & glycogenesis.

53
Q

Endocrine/hormone) Cortisol
Epinephrine

A

= Stress hormone from adrenal cortex; promotes gluconeogenesis & anti-inflammatory effects.
= Adrenal medulla hormone; increases HR, cardiac output, & bronchodilation during stress.

54
Q

Endocrine/hormone) Parathyroid Hormone (PTH):
Thyroid Hormones (T3/T4):

A

= Increases blood Ca+ by stimulating bone resorption & renal reabsorption.
= Regulate metabolism, growth, & development.

55
Q

Respiratory System) cells

A

= Alveolar Type I & 2, Ciliated Epithelial Cells, Goblet Cells

56
Q

Respiratory System) Alveolar Type I Cells:
Alveolar Type II Cells:

A

= Thin squamous cells forming the majority of alveolar surface; essential for gas exchange.
= Produce surfactant to reduce surface tension & prevent alveolar collapse.

56
Q

Cartilage) Chondroblasts:
Chondrocytes

A

= “build” Extracellular matrix (ECM)
= “keep” maintain ECM

57
Q

Respiratory system) Ciliated Epithelial Cells:
Goblet Cells:

A

= Line airways; move mucus & trapped debris out of respiratory tract.
= Produce mucus to trap particles & protect airway lining.

58
Q

Skin) Carotene

A

yellow/orange pigment: is converted to vitamin A & facilitates vision & immune system

59
Q

Skeletal) Fibroblasts

A

= Secrete extracellular matrix proteins (e.g., collagen & elastin) in cartilage & ligaments.

60
Q

Muscle) Satellite Cells

A

= Muscle stem cells located on the surface of skeletal muscle fibers; repair & regenerate damaged muscle.

61
Q

Skin Integumentary System) cells

A

= Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Langerhans Cells, Merkel “tactile” Cells

62
Q

Skin Integumentary System) Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans Cells
Merkel “tactile” Cells:

A

= Produce keratin for protective barrier (nails, palms, soles)
= Produce melanin for UV protection.
= Detect pathogens & trigger immune responses.
= Detect fine touch & pressure stimuli.

63
Q

Endothelial Cells:

A

Line blood vessels; regulate vascular tone, permeability, & clotting.

64
Q

Mesothelial Cells:
Pancreatic Acinar Cells:

A

= Line body cavities (pleura, peritoneum); secrete lubricating fluid.
= Secrete digestive enzymes (e.g., amylase, lipase) into the duodenum

65
Q

Enzymes) common function

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions.

66
Q

Enzymes) ATP Synthase:
Carbonic Anhydrase:

A

= Produces ATP using proton gradient in mitochondria.
= Catalyzes reversible conversion of CO2 & water to carbonic acid (critical in acid-base balance).

67
Q

Enzymes) Amylase:
Lipase:

A

= Breaks down carbohydrates (starches) into simpler sugars (e.g., maltose); found in saliva & pancreas.
= Hydrolyzes lipids into glycerol & fatty acids; secreted by the pancreas.

68
Q

Proteins) common functions

A

= Proteins serve structural, functional, & regulatory roles

69
Q

Proteins) blood) Hemoglobin:
Albumin:

Fibrin:
Immunoglobulins (Antibodies): Produced by plasma cells; recognize & neutralize antigens.

A

= Binds O2 in red blood cells; facilitates O2 & CO2 transport.
= Maintains oncotic pressure in blood plasma; binds & transports substances like fatty acids & hormones.
= Stabilizes blood clots by forming an insoluble network of fibers.

70
Q

Proteins) skeletal) Collagen:
Elastin:

A

= Provides structural integrity in connective tissues (EX skin, tendons, & bones).
= Provides elasticity to tissues like skin & blood vessels.

71
Q

Proteins) Keratin:

A

= Structural protein in hair, nails, & skin.

72
Q

Proteins) Actin & Myosin

A

Essential for muscle contraction & cellular movement.

73
Q

Carbohydrates) Monosaccharides:
Disaccharides:
Polysaccharides:

A

}simple sugars: Glucose, Ribose, Deoxyribose
} Sucrose = Glucose + fructose
} Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose

74
Q

Cations

A

(Positive Ions) Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Hydrogen (H+)

75
Q

Cations) Sodium (Na+):
Potassium (K+):
Calcium (Ca+):

A

= Maintains osmotic balance; generates action potentials via voltage-gated channels.
= Regulates resting membrane potential; involved in muscle contraction & nerve conduction.
= Essential for muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, & bone structure.

76
Q

Cations) Magnesium (Mg2+):
Hydrogen (H+):

A

= Cofactor for ATP-dependent reactions; stabilizes DNA & RNA.
= Determines pH; regulated by buffers, lungs, & kidneys.

77
Q

Anions)

A

= Neg/ Ions) Chloride (Cl-), Bicarbonate (HCO3-), Phosphate (PO4³-)

78
Q

Anions) Chloride (Cl-)
Bicarbonate (HCO3-),
Phosphate (PO4³-)

A

= Maintains osmotic pressure & electrical neutrality; major component of gastric acid (HCl).
= Buffer in blood; regulates acid-base balance.
= Component of ATP, DNA, & cell membranes; vital for energy transfer.

79
Q

Renal System) cells, Principal Cells,

A

= Podocytes, Juxtaglomerular Cells, Principal Cells

80
Q

Renal system) Podocytes:
Juxtaglomerular Cells:
Principal Cells:

A

= Form filtration slits to allow selective filtration of blood.
= Secrete renin to reg/ BP & Na balance.
= in collecting ducts; reg water & Na+ reabsorption via ADH & aldosterone.

A&P / Defs (17 decks)

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