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A&P / Defs > Cardiac A&P > Flashcards

Cardiac A&P Flashcards

1
Q

(heart’s anatomical location) ~⅔ heart’s mass:
Bottom of heart aka:
Top of heart aka:
Great vessels:
Aorta diameter:

A

= L of midline w/ remainder to right
= apex: just above diaphragm, left of midline 5th rib
= Top of heart/base: ~2nd rib.
= connect to the heart through the base.
= ~2 inch

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2
Q

Heart’s 3 tissue layers:

A

= Endocardium, myocardium, & pericardium.

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3
Q

Endocardium:

A

= Innermost layer, Lines heart chambers & is in contact w/ blood.

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4
Q

Myocardium:

A

= Thick middle layer, Resembles skeletal muscle but has electrical properties like smooth muscle, Conducts electrical impulses for heart contraction.

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5
Q

Diastole:
Systole:

A

= 1st phase, ventricles fills w/ blood, hold 100mLs & pumps 50-70mLs
= “squeeze” 2nd phase, period of cycle myocardium is contracting

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6
Q

!!Poiseuille’s law:

Example:

A

= vessel w/ relative radius of 1 would transport 1mL per min at BP difference of 100mmHg. Keep pressure constant
= Less blood = vaso-press

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7
Q

Ejection Fraction (EF):

<45% usually indicates:
<30%:

A

= Ratio of blood pumped from the ventricle to the amount remaining @ the end of diastole/ %of blood pumped out from ventricle (60-70%)
=<45% usually indicates in or going to CHF
=<30% in CHF & chronic cardiac crip on oxy

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8
Q

Preload:

A

= pressure (volume) w/in the ventricles at the end of diastole & Also commonly called the end diastolic volume (frank starlings law)

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9
Q

Afterload:

A

= resistance against which the heart must pump against afterload become increased w/ increased ventricular workload

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10
Q

Systemic vascular resistance:
Nitro dynamics:

A

= how dilated arteries are
= decreases afterload pressure > decreases workload & O2 demand

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11
Q

Contractility:

A

= ability of CM. cells to contract, or shorten (Actin Myosin)

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12
Q

Stroke volume:

3 factors that affect stroke volume:

A

= amount of blood ejected by heart in 1 contraction, varies 60-100mLs w/ average 70mL
= preload, afterload, & contractility

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13
Q

Fastest way to effect preload:

A

= IV bolus Afterload affect vaso-med

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14
Q

Contractilititly factors electrolyte & receptor:

A

= Calcium & +Beta1 effects

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15
Q

Cardiac output formula:

A

= SV x HR

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16
Q

(Electrolytes role on heart) NA:
Ca:
K:

A

= depolarizing myocardium
= depolarization & majority myocardial contractile
= influences repolarizations

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17
Q

(3 internodal pathways) 1:
2:
3:

A

= SA node to Bachmann’s bundles left atrium
= AV junction to AV node,
= Junction AV node, Sinus SA node

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18
Q

Heart’s Endocrine hormones’:
ANP:

BNP:

A

= store & secretes 2 hormones released when somewhere in heart fail
= Atrial Natriuretic Peptide: made, stored, & released by atrial-M cells response to atrial distension & Sympathetic stim (counter RAAS & lessen afterload pressure)
= Brain Natriuretic peptide: secreted by ventricles response to stress to excessive stretching of myocytes & Counter RAAS

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19
Q

Tunica intima:
Tunica media:
Tunica adventitia/externa:
Lumen:

A

= inside layer/ tissue of heart
= middle layer/muscle of heart
= external layer of heart
= where blood flows throughs

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20
Q

!!Starling’s Law of heart:

A

= states that the more the myocardium is stretched, up to a certain amount, the more forceful the subsequent contraction will be

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21
Q

Chrontropy:
Inotropy:
Dromotropy:

A

= HR, + tropic +HR vice versa
= Contraction force
= Speed of impulse transmission, usually goes w/ Inotropy

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22
Q

(only in heart) Intercalated discs:

Discs speed Vs standard cell membrane:
Syncytium:

A

= Special tissue bands inserted between myocardial cells that increase the rate(400x) in which AP is spread from cell-cell thus Syncytium
= 400x faster than standard cell membrane drom/Inotropy
= Group of cardiac cells physiologically function as a unit, “working together in sync” “top in syncytium to bottom”

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23
Q

Cardiac depolarization:
RP of Ac:
RP of Cc:
Phases 0-4 of Cc:

A

= reversal charges of cell membrane inside becomes + & outside -,
= -60 slow Na & fast Ca -40
= -90 Na & -85 gap Junctions fast Na influxes
= 0 depolar, 1 early repolar, 2 plateau + for +, 3 K pumps, 4 refractory

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24
Q

Side of heart has most myocardium:
Epicardium makes what & how:
Pericardium holds what, w/ what color & Fn.:

A

= L side of heart (muscle)
= folds over self to make pericardium
= holds 25-50mLs straw color fluid to reduce friction, 150mL = heart can squeeze,

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25
Q

Pectinate ”comb” muscles L. & Fn:
Chordae Tendineae L. & Fn:

A

= @ Atriums’ to contract for Mitral & Tricuspid valves
= heart tendons connect to Papillary-M.s, down to open atria valves

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26
Q

Foramen Ovale:
Pulmonary stenosis:

A

= hole in the atrial septum that is part of the fetal blood circulation
= pulmonic valve/arteries rigid

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27
Q

(Heart’s Physiology) Diastole) R-side:
L-side:

A

= Atrium’s tricuspid valve opens filling ventricle & Pulmonic-V closed
= L atrium’s Bicuspid valve opens filling & streching ventricle & Aortic-V closed

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28
Q

1st & 2nd most common heart defect:
ASD Atrial Septum Defect:

VSD Ventricle Septum Defect:

A

= ASD atrial septum defect then VSD ventricle septum defect
= hole in atriums’ septum; when breaths & closes, CAUSES L-R SHUNT, overloads right side decreases BP
= hole in ventricle’s septum L→R shunt, R-side balloons > hypertrophic

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29
Q

Isolated Dextrocardia:
Abdominal situs Inversus:
Situs Inversus Totalis:

A

= Heart on right side/flipped “Right = Left” so mirror leads, AEDs
= Spleen & Liver flipped but H normal
= “EVERYTHING WRONG” H right side

30
Q

Fossa Ovalis:
Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO):

Forman Ovale A&P:

A

= depression in R-Atrium remnant of Foramen Ovale
= ASD; hole in atriums septum that didnt close after out of uterus in fetus
= b/c fetus fluid in lung/heart & closes w/ 1st breath b/c lungs neg/ pressure

31
Q

Chordae Tendineae:

Heart regurgitation:

A

= connect valves’ leaflets to papillary-M.s to prevent valves from prolapsing into atria & allowing backflow during ventricle contraction
= papillary not working &/or valve doesn’t correctly opens so prolapse

32
Q

Semilunar valves:
Semilunar valves FN:

Left Semilunar valve:
Right Semilunar valve:

A

= Aortic & Pulmonic
= reg/ blood flow between ventricles & arteries into which empty. They permit 1-way m-nt of blood & prevent backflow
= Aortic valve connects L-ventricle to aorta.
= Pulmonic valve connects R-ventricle to pulmonary artery

33
Q

BP form/s:
BP is related to:

A

= (SV x HR) x SVR or CO x SVR
= CO & peripheral resistance

34
Q

(Blood Flow L-L) 1:

2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:

only vein carrying oxy/ blood:
only artery carrying deoxy: blood:
Intracardiac pressures Left>Right b/c:

A

= 1.Vena Cavas: recieves deoxy blood from body; SVC receives from head & upper extremities & IVC receives from areas below heart.
= 2. R-Atrium: receives deoxy blood from body via venae cavaes
= 3. R-Atrium: pumps blood through Tricuspid valve & into R-ventricle.
= 4. R-ventricle: pumps through Pulmonic valve to P/artery & on to lungs
= 5. Lungs: oxygenates blood & returns to L-atrium via pulmonary veins.
= 6. L-Atrium: sends oxygenated blood by mitral valve & into L-ventricle
= 7. L-Ventricle: pumps blood through Aortic valve>Aorta feeding oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
= Pulmonic veins
= Pulmonary artery
= Lungs offer less resistance to blood flow than systemic circulation thus’ left myocardium is thicker than right)

35
Q

(Heart’s Physiology) Systole) R-side:

L-side:

A

= Atrium’s tricuspid valve closed & filled ventricle contracts to overcome Pulmonic-V opening it & sending de/oxy blood to lungs to oxygenate (weak & vol/ dependent (Frank Starlings)
= Atrium’s Bicuspid valve closed & filled ventricle contracts to overcome Aortic-V opening it & sending oxygenated blood to body (Strong w/ more muscle to contract)

36
Q

(Einthoven’s triangle(Bipolar/limb leads) leads 1 views:
Lead 1 Negative:
Lead 1 Positive:

A

= Left Lateral wall
= Right Arm
= Left Arm

37
Q

(Einthoven’s triangle(Bipolar/limb leads) leads 2 views:
Lead 2 Negative:
Lead 2 Positive:

A

= Inferior wall diagonally towards left foot
= Right Arm
= Left Leg

38
Q

What? Manufactured, stored, & released by Atrial M. cells in response to such things as atrial distention and sympathetic stimulation.

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

39
Q

What? secreted by the ventricles of the heart in response to excessive stretching of the ventricle myocytes.

A

Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)

40
Q

Match the labels

A

A= Superior Vena Cava
B= Pulmonary Valve
C= Right Pulmonary Veins
D= Right Atrium
E= Tricuspid Valve
F= Chordae Tendineae
G= Right Ventricle
H= Inferior Vena Cava

41
Q

Match the Labels

A

H= Aorta
I= Pulmonary Artery
J= Left Pulmonary Veins
K= Left Atrium
L= Bicuspid Valve
M= Aortic Valve
N= Left Ventricle
O= Papillary Muscle

42
Q

Match the Labels

A

A= SA Node
B= AV Node
C= Interventricular Septum
D= Right Bundle Branch
E= Purkinje System
F= Purkinje Fibers
G= Left Bundle Branch
H= Bundle of His
I= AV Junction
J= Internodal Pathways
K= Bachmann’s Bundle

43
Q

Which coronary artery feeds the inferior wall of the heart?

A

Right Coronary Artery (RCA)

44
Q

Which coronary artery feeds the left lateral wall of the heart?

A

Left Circumflex (LCX)

45
Q

A blockage of which of the following would result in the entire left ventricle not receiving blood supply?

A

Left Main Coronary Artery (LMCA)

46
Q

OMI:

A

Occlusion Myocardial infarction (V2)

47
Q

STEMI:

A

ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction (50% don’t show)

48
Q

Atrial appendages:

A

(abnormal heart birth defect) pockets that form clots on either atrium from uterine dev/,

49
Q

What is the most prevalent extracellular ion?
What is the most prevalent intracellular ion? Potassium

A

= Sodium
= Potassium

50
Q

Communication or the connecting of two or more vessels is known as:

A

= Anastomosis

51
Q

Which ion has the greatest influence on muscular contraction:

A

= Calcium

52
Q

Blood cell travels from the right atrium, through what & into where?

A

= Tricuspid valve & into Right ventricle

53
Q

Blood cell travels from the right ventricle, through what & into where?

A

= Pulmonic valve & into Pulmonic arteries

54
Q

Blood cell travels from the left atrium, through what & into where?

A

= Mitral/Bicuspid valve & into Left Ventricle

55
Q

What is the intrinsic firing rate of SA,AV node, & Purkinje System:

A

= SA: 60-100BPM, AV: 40-60BPM, Purkinje System: 15-40BPM

56
Q

When in diastole, which of the valves are open?

A

Mitral & tricuspid

57
Q

in Systole & pumping blood from ventricles, which valves are open:

A

Pulmonic & Aortic

58
Q

Norm/ ventricle ejects ~2/3s blood it contains @ after systole, known as

A

Ejection Fraction

59
Q

(CAD):
(CVD):

A

= Coronary Artery disease: disease affecting coronary vessels
= Cardiovascular disease: affecting heart, peripheral blood vessels, or both

60
Q

Atrioventricular valves aka & leaflets# & aka:
Atrioventricular valves Fn:

A

= R-Tricuspid valve beeu w/ 3 cusps & L-Bicuspid/Mitral valve w/ 2 cusps
= control blood flow between atria & ventricles via connection to specialized papillary muscles in ventricles.

61
Q

Semilunar valves:

Semilunar valves Fn:

A

= L-Aortic valve: connects L-Ventricle to Aorta to body & R-Pulmonic valve: R-Ventricle to pulmonic artery to lungs
= reg/ blood flow between ventricles & arteries into which empty. They permit 1-way m-nt of blood & prevent backflow

62
Q

Major vessels of the body:
3 main Major Vessels) 1:
2:
3:

A

= all branch off of the aorta
= Ascending: comes directly from the heart.
= Thoracic: curves inferiorly & goes through the chest (or thorax).
= Abdominal: goes through diaphragm & enters the ABDMN

63
Q

(Coronary) left coronary artery supplies:

Left coronary artery 2 major branches are:

A

= L-ventricle, Intraventricular septum, part of R-ventricle & lower conductive system
= anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery

64
Q

(Coronary) Right coronary artery supplies:
Right Coronary arteries’ 2 major branches:

A

= portion of R-atrium & ventricle, upper portion of conduction system
= posterior descending artery & marginal artery

65
Q

The coronary vessels A&P

A

coronary vessels receive blood during diastole when the heart relaxes b/c aortic valve leaflets cover the coronary artery openings (ostia) during systole.

66
Q

Blood drains from Left Coronary system via:
the 2 veins empty into:
right coronary vein empties directly into:

A

= anterior great cardiac vein & lateral marginal veins
= coronary sinus
= the right atrium via smaller cardiac veins.

67
Q

Coronary arteries L&Fn:

Coronary veins & Vena Cavas pick up & drop off to:
Cornary sinus:

A

= Aorta, feed oxygenated blood to heart/myocardium during diastole b/c semilunar valve closed during aortic kick/
= deoxygenated blood sent to Right atrium
= vein deoxy blood back to R atrium above AA

68
Q

Which coronary artery feeds the anterior wall of the left ventricle?

A

Left Anterior Descending (LAD)

69
Q

(Einthoven’s triangle(Bipolar/limb leads) leads 3 views:
Lead 3 Negative:
Lead 3 Positive:

A

= inferior (down & rightward) 50% MI has R ventricle Infarction
= Left Arm
= Left Leg

70
Q

Pericardium:
Visceral pericardium (epicardium):
Parietal pericardium:

A

= Protective sac around the heart w/ 2 layers:
= Inner layer, in contact w/ heart muscle
= Outer, fibrous layer

A&P / Defs (5 decks)

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