Cells Flashcards
What is the cell membrane?
- Selectively permeable
- Allows solutes to move between the cell and the external environment
- Phospho lipid bi layer
- Contains a protein channel
What is the Nucleus?
- Storage centre of cells DNA
- Nuclear pores: A protein channel that links the nucleus to the cytoplasm
- Nucleolus: the largest part of the nucleus
What is the cell wall?
Function: rigid boundary for plant cells outside the cell membrane
What is Cytoplasm?
- Surrounds the organelles
- Contains nutrients
What are Ribosomes?
Function: protein synthesis
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)
- moves proteins within the cell
- covered in ribosomes
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER)
-moves lipids around the cell
What is the Golgi Apparatus?
Function: receives proteins form the rER and distributes them to other organelles or out the cell
- receiving, processing, packaging and shipping
What are Mitochondria?
Function: converts energy food (sugar) into usable energy for wok (ATP)
What are lysosomes?
Function: breaks down food particles, invading objects or worn out cell parts
What are Cillia and Flagella?
Function: cell movement
- Cillia short extrusions from cell surface
- Flagella long extrusions from cell surface
What is the Vacuole?
- Temporary storage of waste nutrients of water
- larger in plants then animal cells
What is a Chloroplast?
- Used for photosynthesis
- Only in plants
- Converts light energy to chemical energy stored in bonds of glucose
What comes in and out of the cell membrane?
IN:
- sugars
- protiens
- fats
- salts
- 02
- H20
OUT:
waste
-ammonia
-salts
What are protein channels?
- Makes “doors” through the membrane
- allow substances in and out
- Specific channels allow specific materials in and out
What percentage of cell membrane is made up of proteins
60%
What determines the rate of diffusion?
- Steepness of the concentration gradient
- temprature
- The surface area
- Types of molecules
- It is passive transport so no energy is needed
What is active transport?
- Cells that need molecules to move against concentration gradient
- Needs to pump into cell
- Uses energy due to being low to high
What is Exocrysis?
The active movement of a substance out of a cell
What is Endocrysis?
The active movement of a substance into a cell
Two types:
- Pinocytosis: “cell drinking”: entry of liquid substances
- Phagocytosis: “cell eating” entry of large solid substances
What are the 4 tissue types?
- Epithelial (skin, lining of organs)
- Connective (cartilage, blood cells, bone)
- Muscular
- Nervous
What is Epithelial tissue?
Tissue that forms the outer layer of organs
What is Connective tissue?
Provides support for the body and helps holds the bodys parts together
What is Muscular tissue?
- Responds to stimuli contracting and lengthening
- 3 cells, usually long and thin
Three types: - Skeletal: Voluntary, striated
- Cardiac: Involuntary, striated
- Involuntary: Smooth, non- striated
What is Nervous tissue?
Made up of electrons
What is Metabolism?
- The total of all chemical processes that take place in the body
- These chemical processes convert food you eat into energy and materials
- Urine and sweat are examples of metabolic waste
Examples of Anabolic waste?
- They construct complex substances from simple ones
- They use energy
- Example: Protein synthesis
What is Catabolic waste?
- They are destructive metabolic processes which break complex substances into simple ones
- They release energy
- Example: celleur respiration
Cellular Respiration
Glucose + oxygen —–> water + carbon dioxide
C6H12O6 + 602 —–> 6H2O + 6CO2
- First stage happens in the cytoplasm
- The aerobic stages take place in the mitochondria
What is ATP
ATP = adenosine triphosphate
- Made by mitochondria
What are carbohydrates?
- They are used mainly as an energy source for cellular respiration
- ## Examples are sugars and starches
What is Passive transport?
A type of membrane transport that does not require energy
What is Osmosis
Movement of a solvent (such as water) through a semipermeable membrane
What is Diffusion?
Net movement of a gas from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
Difference between microtubules and microfilaments
Microtubes are long, hollow cylinders made up of tubulin products
Microfilaments are double-stranded helical polymers made up of actin proteins
What is homeostasis
the ability to maintain a stable internal state
what is the role of oxygen within a cell
it is used for cellular respiration to break down sugars
Difference between an active process and a passive process
Active process: requires energy
Passive process: doesn’t require energy
Define concentration gradient
A concentration gradient occurs when the concentration of particles is higher in one area than in another
Define osmosis
the diffusion of water or other solvents through a selectively permeable membrane
