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Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

modern cell theory

A
  1. all living things are composed or made up of cells, which are the most basic unit of life
  2. cells are products of reproduction of pre-existing cells
  3. cells pass hereditary information (DNA) to their offspring cells
  4. cells have similar chemical compositions compared to other cells
  5. cells are the sites of energy flow mechanisms such as respiration
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2
Q

lowest level of structure capable of performing all the activities of life

basic units of structure and function

A

cells

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3
Q

coined the name cell in 1665

A

robert hooke

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4
Q

discovered various single-celled organisms in pond water and observed blood cells and sperm cells of animals

A

anton van leeuwenhoek

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5
Q

recognized cells as basic units of life

A

matthias schleiden and theodor schwann

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6
Q

two statements of cell

A

“all living things consist of cells”

“all cells come from pre-existing cells”

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7
Q

prokaryotes (genetic information)

A

DNA is round and flows freely in cytoplasm

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8
Q

eukaryotes (genetic information)

A

DNA is helix-shaped and straight, found in cytoplasm

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9
Q

prokartyotes (organelles)

A

DNA, plasma membrane, nucleoid, cytoplasm

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10
Q

eukaryotes (organelles)

A

membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts (found only on plant cells), golgi body and endoplasmic reticulum

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11
Q

prokaryotes (cell wall)

A

present, composed of peptidoglycans

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12
Q

eukaryotes (cell wall)

A

can be found in plant and fungal cells but not composed of peptidoglycans

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13
Q

prokaryotes (size)

A

small (1-5 um)

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14
Q

eukaryotes (size)

A

can’t be found in animals

larger (10-100 um)

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15
Q

prokaryotes (organisms)

A

bacteria and archaea

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16
Q

eukaryotes (organisms)

A

animals, plants, fungi, and protists

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17
Q

prokaryotes (cell structure)

A

unicellular

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18
Q

eukaryotes (cell structure)

A

can be unicellular or multicellular

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19
Q

separates a cell from other cells and from surrounding fluids

holds cell together and give its shape

selectively permeable membrane

controls the movement of substances across it

A

cell membrane

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20
Q

cell membrane is also known as

A

plasma membrane

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21
Q

control center of the cell

houses genetic material

A

nucleus

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22
Q

contains a dense, protein-rich protoplasm

A

nucleoplasm

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23
Q

where ribosomes are formed

A

nucleus

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24
Q

fine strand structures spread through the nucleoplasm

the for of genetic material is present in when a cell is NOT dividing

A

chromatin

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25
Q

condensed chromatin structures that are visible when the cell is dividing

carriers of hereditary messages in the cells

A

chromosomes

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26
Q

surrounds the nucleus

separates the nuclear material from the cytoplasm

A

nuclear membrane

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27
Q

cell materials outside the nucleus

contains the highly organized organelles which take part in specific chemical activities

gel-like substance that fills the cell; site of most biochemical reactions

A

cytoplasm

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28
Q

free-floating or attached; site of protein synthesis

made up of ribosomal RNA and protein

A

ribosome

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29
Q

extensive system of membranes in the cytoplasm that is connected to the nuclear membrane

plays a major role in PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND TRANSPORT of proteins and lipids

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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30
Q

site of protein synthesis

has ribosomes on the surface

synthesizer of membranes and proteins

A

rough ER

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31
Q

functions in the synthesis of lipids (production of steroids, phospholipids), carbohydrate metabolism (like in liver), detoxification of drugs and poisons (like in liver) and has none or few ribosomes on surface

A

smooth ER

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32
Q

site of lipid synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism

A

smooth ER

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33
Q

modifier, sorter, and shipper of materials throughout the cell

finishes, sorts and ships cell products

receives proteins from the ER and ships these to specific destination

consists of flattened membranous sacs

A

golgi apparatus

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34
Q

digests cellular materials

found in cytoplasm of most animal cells

contains digestive enzymes that break down food particles taken by phagocytosis (ingest large particles)

A

lysosomes

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35
Q

storage sac for water and nutrients

fluid filled cavities surrounded by a vacuolar membrane which may contain food that was taken in by the cell (food vacuole), excess water as in freshwater protists (contractile vacuole) or water and minerals for storage in plant cells (central vacuole)

A

vacuoles

36
Q

site of cellular respiration

powerhouse of the cell

contains sets of enzymes that convert energy from food into chemical energy of the cell (ATP)

releases the energy that supports all cell activities

A

mitochondria/mitochondrion

37
Q

site of photosynthesis

A

chloroplast

38
Q

producer of hydrogen peroxide and other enzymes involved in metabolic reactions

A

peroxisome

39
Q

pores between cells that ALLOW intercellular communication

A

plasmodesmata

40
Q

semi-permeable layer that surrounds the cytoplasm

A

cell membrane

41
Q

surrounds and protects the cell membrane

A

cell wall

42
Q

present or absent in plant cell?

lysosome

A

absent

43
Q

present or absent in plant cell?

centrosome with centriole

A

absent

44
Q

present or absent in plant cell?

chloroplast

A

present

45
Q

present or absent in plant cell?

vacuole

A

present

central and relatively larger

46
Q

present or absent in plant cell?

cell wall

A

present

47
Q

present or absent in plant cell?

plasmodesmata

A

present

48
Q

present or absent in animal cell?

lysosome

A

present

49
Q

present or absent in animal cell?

centrosome with centriole

A

present

50
Q

present or absent in animal cell?

chloroplast

A

absent

51
Q

present or absent in animal cell?

vacuole

A

present

52
Q

present or absent in animal cell?

cell wall

A

absent

53
Q

present or absent in animal cell?

plasmodesmata

A

absent

54
Q

what’s in animal cell that is not in plant cell

A

lysosome and centrosome with centriole

55
Q

whats in plant cell thats not in animal cell

A

chloroplast, cell wall and plasmodesmata

56
Q

ability of cells to maintain a constant internal environment

A

homeostasis

57
Q

types of cell transport

A

passive - active - diffusion

58
Q

gradual spreading out of the molecules of a substance from HIGH to LOW concentration

a state of equilibrium is reached when the concentration of gradient is equal in all areas

A

diffusion

59
Q

is energy important for diffusion

A

no

60
Q

in a cell, it is the free movement across the phospholipid bilayer

A

diffusion

61
Q

diffusion is called what in water

A

osmosis

62
Q

located outside the nucleus in animal cells; function in cell reproduction

A

centrioles

63
Q

long, slender, hollow structures composed of protein that give support to the cell (THICK)

A

microtubules

64
Q

protein filaments involved in producing movement causing cytoplasm to move within a cell

may also cause contractions

THIN

A

microfilaments

65
Q

movement of molecules from high to low concentration

no energy is needed

A

passive transport

66
Q

in passive transport, molecules move through the membrane via

A

protein

67
Q

adenosine triposphate (energy) is not required

A

passive

68
Q

transfer materials from higher to lower concentration

A

diffusion

69
Q

transfer of water towards the side of a membrane with a higher solute concentration

A

osmosis

70
Q

lower solute concentration outside the cell, more solute inside

water outside the cell moves INSIDE causing cell to be full of water

A

hypotonic environment

71
Q

because of hypotonic, plant cells become ____ while animal cells ____

A

turgid (normal healthy looking state)

burst

72
Q

higher solute concentration outside the cell and less inside

water inside the cell moves out causing the cytoplasm to SINK

A

hypertonic

73
Q

in hypertonic, plant cells undergo _____

A

plasmolysis (the cell membrane shrinks and tears away from the cell wall which is rigid)

74
Q

in hypertonic, animal cells _____

A

shrink

75
Q

same concentration of solute

A

isotonic

76
Q

in isotonic, animal cells are in ____ state

A

normal

77
Q

in isotonic, plant cells are ____

A

flaccid (appears slightly wilted)

78
Q

use of ATP to move nutrients against a concentration agent

A

active transport

79
Q

vesicles stick to the cell membrane and expel their contents

A

exocytosis

80
Q

molecules enter the cell through phagocytosis (cell eating) or pinocytosis (cell drinking)

A

endocytosis

81
Q

bulk transport of substances

A

endocytosis - phagocytosis - pinocytosis - exocytosis

82
Q

when cells take in large molecules and particles of material that cannot ordinarily pass through the membrane, the cell membrane folds INWARD

A

endocytosis

83
Q

unicellular animals engulf large particles of food from their environment

A

phagocytosis

84
Q

liquids or macromolecules are taken in through vesicles

A

pinocytosis

85
Q

secretion of substances from inside cell to outside causes vesicles inside the cell to fuse with the cell membrane thus releasing the contents

A

exocytosis

Biology (25 decks)

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