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Cells Flashcards

1
Q

modern cell theory

A
  1. all living things are composed or made up of cells, which are the most basic unit of life
  2. cells are products of reproduction of pre-existing cells
  3. cells pass hereditary information (DNA) to their offspring cells
  4. cells have similar chemical compositions compared to other cells
  5. cells are the sites of energy flow mechanisms such as respiration
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2
Q

lowest level of structure capable of performing all the activities of life

basic units of structure and function

A

cells

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3
Q

coined the name cell in 1665

A

robert hooke

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4
Q

discovered various single-celled organisms in pond water and observed blood cells and sperm cells of animals

A

anton van leeuwenhoek

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5
Q

recognized cells as basic units of life

A

matthias schleiden and theodor schwann

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6
Q

two statements of cell

A

“all living things consist of cells”

“all cells come from pre-existing cells”

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7
Q

prokaryotes (genetic information)

A

DNA is round and flows freely in cytoplasm

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8
Q

eukaryotes (genetic information)

A

DNA is helix-shaped and straight, found in cytoplasm

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9
Q

prokartyotes (organelles)

A

DNA, plasma membrane, nucleoid, cytoplasm

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10
Q

eukaryotes (organelles)

A

membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts (found only on plant cells), golgi body and endoplasmic reticulum

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11
Q

prokaryotes (cell wall)

A

present, composed of peptidoglycans

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12
Q

eukaryotes (cell wall)

A

can be found in plant and fungal cells but not composed of peptidoglycans

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13
Q

prokaryotes (size)

A

small (1-5 um)

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14
Q

eukaryotes (size)

A

can’t be found in animals

larger (10-100 um)

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15
Q

prokaryotes (organisms)

A

bacteria and archaea

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16
Q

eukaryotes (organisms)

A

animals, plants, fungi, and protists

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17
Q

prokaryotes (cell structure)

A

unicellular

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18
Q

eukaryotes (cell structure)

A

can be unicellular or multicellular

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19
Q

separates a cell from other cells and from surrounding fluids

holds cell together and give its shape

selectively permeable membrane

controls the movement of substances across it

A

cell membrane

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20
Q

cell membrane is also known as

A

plasma membrane

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21
Q

control center of the cell

houses genetic material

A

nucleus

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22
Q

contains a dense, protein-rich protoplasm

A

nucleoplasm

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23
Q

where ribosomes are formed

A

nucleus

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24
Q

fine strand structures spread through the nucleoplasm

the for of genetic material is present in when a cell is NOT dividing

A

chromatin

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25
condensed chromatin structures that are visible when the cell is dividing carriers of hereditary messages in the cells
chromosomes
26
surrounds the nucleus separates the nuclear material from the cytoplasm
nuclear membrane
27
cell materials outside the nucleus contains the highly organized organelles which take part in specific chemical activities gel-like substance that fills the cell; site of most biochemical reactions
cytoplasm
28
free-floating or attached; site of protein synthesis made up of ribosomal RNA and protein
ribosome
29
extensive system of membranes in the cytoplasm that is connected to the nuclear membrane plays a major role in PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND TRANSPORT of proteins and lipids
endoplasmic reticulum
30
site of protein synthesis has ribosomes on the surface synthesizer of membranes and proteins
rough ER
31
functions in the synthesis of lipids (production of steroids, phospholipids), carbohydrate metabolism (like in liver), detoxification of drugs and poisons (like in liver) and has none or few ribosomes on surface
smooth ER
32
site of lipid synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism
smooth ER
33
modifier, sorter, and shipper of materials throughout the cell finishes, sorts and ships cell products receives proteins from the ER and ships these to specific destination consists of flattened membranous sacs
golgi apparatus
34
digests cellular materials found in cytoplasm of most animal cells contains digestive enzymes that break down food particles taken by phagocytosis (ingest large particles)
lysosomes
35
storage sac for water and nutrients fluid filled cavities surrounded by a vacuolar membrane which may contain food that was taken in by the cell (food vacuole), excess water as in freshwater protists (contractile vacuole) or water and minerals for storage in plant cells (central vacuole)
vacuoles
36
site of cellular respiration powerhouse of the cell contains sets of enzymes that convert energy from food into chemical energy of the cell (ATP) releases the energy that supports all cell activities
mitochondria/mitochondrion
37
site of photosynthesis
chloroplast
38
producer of hydrogen peroxide and other enzymes involved in metabolic reactions
peroxisome
39
pores between cells that ALLOW intercellular communication
plasmodesmata
40
semi-permeable layer that surrounds the cytoplasm
cell membrane
41
surrounds and protects the cell membrane
cell wall
42
present or absent in plant cell? lysosome
absent
43
present or absent in plant cell? centrosome with centriole
absent
44
present or absent in plant cell? chloroplast
present
45
present or absent in plant cell? vacuole
present central and relatively larger
46
present or absent in plant cell? cell wall
present
47
present or absent in plant cell? plasmodesmata
present
48
present or absent in animal cell? lysosome
present
49
present or absent in animal cell? centrosome with centriole
present
50
present or absent in animal cell? chloroplast
absent
51
present or absent in animal cell? vacuole
present
52
present or absent in animal cell? cell wall
absent
53
present or absent in animal cell? plasmodesmata
absent
54
what's in animal cell that is not in plant cell
lysosome and centrosome with centriole
55
whats in plant cell thats not in animal cell
chloroplast, cell wall and plasmodesmata
56
ability of cells to maintain a constant internal environment
homeostasis
57
types of cell transport
passive - active - diffusion
58
gradual spreading out of the molecules of a substance from HIGH to LOW concentration a state of equilibrium is reached when the concentration of gradient is equal in all areas
diffusion
59
is energy important for diffusion
no
60
in a cell, it is the free movement across the phospholipid bilayer
diffusion
61
diffusion is called what in water
osmosis
62
located outside the nucleus in animal cells; function in cell reproduction
centrioles
63
long, slender, hollow structures composed of protein that give support to the cell (THICK)
microtubules
64
protein filaments involved in producing movement causing cytoplasm to move within a cell may also cause contractions THIN
microfilaments
65
movement of molecules from high to low concentration no energy is needed
passive transport
66
in passive transport, molecules move through the membrane via
protein
67
adenosine triposphate (energy) is not required
passive
68
transfer materials from higher to lower concentration
diffusion
69
transfer of water towards the side of a membrane with a higher solute concentration
osmosis
70
lower solute concentration outside the cell, more solute inside water outside the cell moves INSIDE causing cell to be full of water
hypotonic environment
71
because of hypotonic, plant cells become ____ while animal cells ____
turgid (normal healthy looking state) burst
72
higher solute concentration outside the cell and less inside water inside the cell moves out causing the cytoplasm to SINK
hypertonic
73
in hypertonic, plant cells undergo _____
plasmolysis (the cell membrane shrinks and tears away from the cell wall which is rigid)
74
in hypertonic, animal cells _____
shrink
75
same concentration of solute
isotonic
76
in isotonic, animal cells are in ____ state
normal
77
in isotonic, plant cells are ____
flaccid (appears slightly wilted)
78
use of ATP to move nutrients against a concentration agent
active transport
79
vesicles stick to the cell membrane and expel their contents
exocytosis
80
molecules enter the cell through phagocytosis (cell eating) or pinocytosis (cell drinking)
endocytosis
81
bulk transport of substances
endocytosis - phagocytosis - pinocytosis - exocytosis
82
when cells take in large molecules and particles of material that cannot ordinarily pass through the membrane, the cell membrane folds INWARD
endocytosis
83
unicellular animals engulf large particles of food from their environment
phagocytosis
84
liquids or macromolecules are taken in through vesicles
pinocytosis
85
secretion of substances from inside cell to outside causes vesicles inside the cell to fuse with the cell membrane thus releasing the contents
exocytosis

Biology (25 decks)

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