Biomolecules Flashcards
sugars and polymers of sugars, composed of carbonyl (C=O) and hydroxide group (-OH)
main source of energy for cell metabolism
composed of simple repeating units called sugars or monosaccharides
carbohydrates
elements of carbohydrates
C H O
1 sugar unit, the simplest carbohydrate with basic formula (CH2O)n
single carbon skeleton
monosaccharides
examples of monosaccharides
glucose, galactose, fructose
two monosaccharides linked together by a GLYCOSIDIC bond
disaccharide
examples of dissaccharide
maltose
sucrose
lactose
glucose + glucose
maltos
glucose + fructose
sucrose
glucose + galactose
lactose
many sugar units linked by glycosidic bond
several linked monosaccharides
polysaccharide
chains of glucose units only, main stored energy in PLANTS
starch
main component of a plant cell wall (structural support)
cellulose
material of EXOSKELETON of arthropods
chitin
examples of polysaccharide
starch, glycogen, cellulose
monomer of carbohydrates
monosaccharide
made up if carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but contains very little O compared to C and H
hydrophobic nonpolar hydrocarbon molecules
lipid
insoluble or barely soluble in water
lipid
molecules used to store energy composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
consist of glycerol connected to a fatty acid through an ester linkage
fats
contains a cis-double bond in the fatty acid, liquid at room temperature
also called OILS
1 or more C double bonds
unsaturated
contains a trans-double bond in the fatty acid
trans fat
lipids with a phosphate group attached to the glycerol has a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end
compose the cell membrane
main component of all cell membranes in all organisms
composed of glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and phosphate residue
phospholipid
one end is water loving (phosphate) and the other end is water fearing (glycerol and fatty acid)
amphipathic molecule
carbon skeleton is composed of four fused rings
component of cell membranes (cholesterol)
sex hormones
steroids
monomer of lipids
fatty acid or glycerol
element of lipid
C H O
most diverse biomolecule in terms of structure and in terms of function
consist of one or more chains of amino acid
proteins
consists of an animo group and carboxyl group
amino acid
how many kinds of amino acids are there
20
structured as chains of amino acids linked by PEPTIDE bond folded into unique 3d shapes, and held by different molecular forces and bonds
proteins
element of protein
C H O N
monomer of proteins
amino acids
carry and interpret genetic information
polymers of nucleotides (DNA and RNA)
nucleic acids
monomer of nucleic acids
nucleotides
contains a nitrogenous base (Purines or Pyrimidines), five carbon sugar and phosphate group
nucleotide
pyrimidines
cytosine thymine uracil
purines
adenine guanine
monomer of nucleic acid
nucleotide
short-term energy storage
quick-release energy
carbohydrates
long-term energy storage
insulation
protection (e.g. cell membranes)
lipids
store and transmit genetic information
nucleic acid
enzymes regulate cell process, structural integrity, transport
protein
examples of protein
hemoglobin, keratin, collagen, enzymes (usually ends in –ase)
