cells

Question 1

signal transduction

Answer 1

when molecules that are part of the cell membrane receive stimulation from outside the cell and transmit it into the cell

Question 2

What are polysomes?

Answer 2

Clusters of ribosomes scattered throughout the cytoplasm

Question 3

What is the function of polysomes?

Answer 3

enable the cell to quickly manufacture proteins required in large amounts

Question 4

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 4

refines, packages, & delivers proteins synthesized on ribosomes associated with the ER

Question 5

What are transport vesicles?

Answer 5

Bubblelike structures that bud off the Golgi membrane carrying glycoproteins for exocytosis

Question 6

What is exocytosis?

Answer 6

The process of transport vesicles moving to and fusing with the cell membrane, releasing its contents to the outside as a secretion.

Question 7

What is the cytoskeleton?

Answer 7

the abundant protein rods and tubules that form a framework within the cytoplasm

Question 8

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 8

A complex organelle composed of membrane-bounded, flattened sacs, elongated canals, and fluid-filled, bubble like sacs called vesicles.

Question 9

How is the ER interconnected with the cell?

Answer 9

The membranous parts are interconnected and communicate with the cell membrane, the nuclear envelope, and other organelles

Question 10

What is the function of the ER?

Answer 10

Provides a vast tubular network that transports molecules from one cell part to another; participates in the synthesis of protein and lipid molecules

Question 11

What are ribosomes?

Answer 11

spherical structures studded on outer membrane of ER that are sites of protein synthesis; also exist independently in the cytoplasm as well.

Question 12

What are ribosomes composed of?

Answer 12

protein and RNA molecules

Question 13

Ribosomes provide….

Answer 13

enzymes as well as structural support for the RNA molecules that come together as the cell synthesizes proteins from amino acids

Question 14

What are mitochondria?

Answer 14

elongated, fluid-filled sacs that vary in size and shape; move slowly through the cytoplasm and reproduce by dividing

Question 15

What is the cristae?

Answer 15

the inner layer of the mitochondria that folds extensively into partitions

Question 16

These are connected to the cristae and help control some of the chemical reactions that release energy from certain nutrient molecules.

Answer 16

enzymes

Question 17

what is the major function of mitochondria ?

Answer 17

Chemical reactions that transform energy into ATP, a chemical form the cell can use

Question 18

What organelle is called the “garbage disposal of the cell”?

Answer 18

the lysosome

Question 19

What are peroxisomes?

Answer 19

membranous sacs abundant in liver and kidney cells that house enzymes that catalyze a variety of biochemical reactions, including the synthesis of bile acids; detoxification of hydrogen peroxide, a by-product of metabolism; breakdown of certain lipids and rare biochemicals; and detoxification of alcohol

Question 20

What are microfilaments?

Answer 20

tiny rods of actin protein that form meshwork’s or bundles within the cytoplasm (cytoskeleton); they provide cell motility

Question 21

What are microtubules?

Answer 21

Long, slender tubes with diameters two or three times those of microfilaments; composed of molecules of a globular protein called tubular, arranged in a spiral to form a long tube

Question 22

What is the centrosome?

Answer 22

The structure near the Golgi apparatus and nucleus that consists of two hollow cylinders (centrioles) which are composed of microtubules arranged in nine groups of three; lie at right angles to each other

Question 23

What is the function of the centrosomes?

Answer 23

During mitosis, they distribute chromosomes to newly forming cells

Question 24

What are cilia and flagella?

Answer 24

motile extensions from the surfaces of certain cells, composed of microtubules in a 9 + 2 array

Question 25

Describe the physical attributes of cilia.

Answer 25

They fringe the free surfaces of some epithelial cells; a tiny, hairlike structure that is attached beneath the cell membrane; form precise patterns and move in a to-and-fro manner

Question 26

Describe the function of cilia.

Answer 26

The “to-and-fro” manner in which they move and the coordinated rows that beat in succession, produce a wave of motion that sweeps over the ciliated surface, moving fluids, such as mucus, over the surface of certain tissues

Question 27

Describe the physical attributes of flagella.

Answer 27

considerably longer than cilia, though similar in structure; usually a cell has only a single flagellum; has an undulating wavelike motion, which begins at the base

Question 28

What are vesicles?

Answer 28

membranous sacs formed by part of the cell membrane folding inward and pinching off; may contain some liquid or solid material formerly outside the cell