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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is an inorganic compound?

A

A compound that does not contain carbon; those found in the body include water, salts, and inorganic acids and bases

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2
Q

What is the single most abundant compound in the body?

A

Water

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3
Q

What is water’s role in the body?

A

It absorbs and releases heat slowly, acts as a universal solvent, precipitates in chemical reactions, and cushions body organs

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4
Q

What are salts’ roles in the body?

A

Ionic compounds that dissolve in water and act as electrolytes; ions of salts are involved in many physiological processes

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5
Q

What is an acid’s role in the body?

A

Acids are proton DONORS; in water, they ionize and dissociate, releasing hydrogen ions (which account for their properties) and anions

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6
Q

What is a base’s role in the body?

A

Bases are proton ACCEPTORS; most common inorganic bases are the hydroxides; bicarbonate ion and ammonia are important bases in the body

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7
Q

What is pH?

A

A measure of hydrogen ion concentration of a solution (in moles per liter); a pH of 7 is neutral; a higher pH is alkaline, and a lower pH is acidic

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8
Q

What is normal blood pH?

A

7.35-7.45

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9
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A substance that helps prevent excessive changes in the pH of body fluids

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10
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

A compound that contains carbon; those found in the body include carbohydrates; lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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11
Q

How are organic compounds made and broken down?

A

Carbohydrates; lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are synthesized by dehydration synthesis and digested by hydrolysis

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12
Q

What elements do the organic biological molecules contain?

A

All biological molecules contain C, H, and O; Proteins and nucleic acids also contain N.

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13
Q

What are carbohydrates made up of?

A

The building blocks of carbs are monosaccharides, the most important of which are hexoses (glucose, fructose, galactose) and pentoses (ribose, deoxyribose)

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14
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Composed of two linked monosaccharide units; sucrose, lactose, maltose

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15
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Composed of three or more linked monosaccharides (starch; glycogen)

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16
Q

What role do carbohydrates play in the body?

A

They are the major energy fuel for forming ATP, especially glucose; excess carbohydrates are stored as glycogen or converted to fat for storage

17
Q

What role do lipids play in the body?

A

They insulate body organs, build cell membranes, and provide stored energy; include triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids

18
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

composed of three fatty acid chains and glycerol; found chiefly in fatty tissue where they provide insulation and reserve body fuel

19
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

A

Unsaturated fatty acid chains produce oils, are generally shorter, and have kinks in their chains; saturated fatty acids produce solid fats typical of animal fats, are generally longer chains that lay flat against one another

20
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Modified PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING triglycerides that have polar and non polar portions; found in all plasma membranes due to their water-loving and water-hating ends

21
Q

What role do steroids play in the body?

A

Steroid cholesterol, which is the most important of the steroids, is found in cell membranes and is the basis of steroid hormones, bile salts, and vitamin D; it is supplied by the diet but is also produced by the liver

22
Q

What are proteins?

A

Proteins are the body’s basic structural material and have many vital functions

23
Q

What is the basic unit of proteins?

A

The amino acids, of which their are 20 common acids found in the body

24
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

The bond that joins many amino acids, creating a polypeptide

25
Q

How are proteins distinguished?

A

Proteins contain one or more polypeptides and are distinguished by the number and sequence of amino acids in its chain(s) and by the complexity of its three-dimensional structure

26
Q

What are fibrous proteins?

A

They have secondary and perhaps tertiary and quaternary structure and are used as structural materials, includes keratin and collagen

27
Q

What are globular proteins?

A

Achieve tertiary and sometimes quaternary structure and are generally spherical, soluble molecules, including enzymes, some hormones, antibodies, and hemoglobin; perform special functional roles for the cell (e.g., catalysis, molecule transport)

28
Q

How are proteins denatured and what happens to them?

A

Proteins are denatured by extreme temperatures or pH; denatured globular proteins are unable to perform their usual function

29
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions by decreasing the amount of activation energy needed; they do this by combining with the reactants and holding them in the proper position to interact; many enzymes require cofactors to function

30
Q

What is the role of DNA and RNA in the body?

A

They store, transmit, and help express genetic information

31
Q

Describe the structure of a nucleic acid.

A

It’s made up structural units called nucleotides, which consists of a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, or uracil), a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate group

32
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

33
Q

What is the role and structure of DNA?

A

It is a double-stranded helix that contains deoxyribose and the bases A, G, C, and T; specifies protein structure and replicates itself exactly before cell division

34
Q

What is the role and structure of RNA?

A

It is single stranded and contains ribose and the bases A, G, C, and U; involved in the carrying out of DNA’s instructions for protein synthesis include messenger, ribosomal, and transfer RNA

35
Q

What is ATP?

A

The universal energy compound of body cells; some energy is liberated by the breakdown of glucose and other food fuels is captured in the bonds of ATP molecules and transferred via coupled reactions to energy consuming reactions

36
Q

What is the chemical basis of the great diversity of proteins?

A

Amino group, carboxyl group, & R group

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (18 decks)

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