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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Basic Chemistry > Flashcards

Basic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass, to include solids, liquids, and gases in our surroundings and body

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2
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to dowry or put matter into motion; may be converted from one form to other; some energy always unusable

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3
Q

Potential energy

A

Stored energy or energy of position

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4
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Active or working energy

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5
Q

What are the forms of energy involved in body functioning?

A

Chemical, electrical, radiant, and mechanical; chemical (bond) is the most important

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6
Q

Elements

A

Unique substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods

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7
Q

Which 4 elements make up 96% of the body weight?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

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8
Q

What are the building blocks of elements?

A

Atoms

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9
Q

What do atoms consist of?

A

Positively charged protons, negatively charged electrons, and uncharged neutrons

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10
Q

What is located in the atomic nucleus?

A

Protons and neutrons, which make up the atom’s total mass

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11
Q

Where are the electrons located?

A

Outside the nucleus in the electron shells; the number of electrons equals the number of protons.

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12
Q

What are the identifying elements of an atom?

A

The atomic number (p+) and the mass number (p+ + n0)

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13
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Different atomic forms of the same element, which vary only in the number of neutrons that contain; the heavier species tend to be radioactive

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14
Q

What is a radioisotope?

A

The more heavy and unstable of the isotopes; decompose to more stable forms by emitting alpha or beta particles or gamma rays; useful in medical diagnosis and treatment and in biomedical research

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15
Q

What is a molecule?

A

The smallest unit resulting from the chemical bonding of two or more atoms; if the atoms are different, they form a molecule of a compound

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16
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance composed of two or more different elements, the atoms of which are chemically united

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17
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Physical combination of solutes in a solvent; mixtures components retain their individual properties and can be physically separated; may be homogeneous or heterogeneous

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18
Q

What are the types of mixtures?

A

In order of decreasing solute size, solutions, colloids, an d suspensions

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19
Q

How are solution concentrations typically designated?

A

In terms of percent or molarity

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20
Q

What is an electron shell?

A

Also known as an energy level, it is the area of space within an atom that electrons occupy

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21
Q

What is the valence shell?

A

The shell farthest from the nucleus

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22
Q

Which electrons are the most energetic?

A

The ones in the valence shell

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23
Q

What is a chemical bond?

A

An energy relationship between valence shell electrons of the reacting atoms; atoms with an incomplete valence shell interact with other atoms to achieve stability

24
Q

What is a chemically unreactive, or inert, atom?

A

An atom with a full valence shell or eight valence shell electrons

25
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

A chemical bond formed when valence shell electrons are COMPLETELY transferred from one atom to another; also called an “electrovalent bond”

26
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A chemical bond formed when atoms SHARE electron pairs

27
Q

What is a non polar molecule?

A

When electron pairs are shared equally in a covalent bond

28
Q

What is a polar molecule, or dipole?

A

When electrons pairs are unequally shared in a covalent bond.

29
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

A reaction involves the formation, breaking, or rearrangement of chemical bonds

30
Q

What are the types of chemical reactions?

A

Either anabolic (destructive) or anabolic (constructive) reactions; include synthesis, decomposition, and exchange reactions

31
Q

What is an oxidation-reduction reaction?

A

May be considered a special type of exchange (or decomposition) reaction

32
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

A chemical reaction where energy is liberated

33
Q

What is an endergonic?

A

A chemical reaction where energy absorbed

34
Q

Explain energy flow in chemical reactions.

A

bonds are energy relationships and there is a net loss or gain of energy in every chemical reaction

35
Q

Explain the reversibility of chemical reactions

A

If reaction conditions remain unchanged, all chemical reactions eventually reach a state of chemical equilibrium in which the reaction proceeds in both directions at the same rate

36
Q

Are all chemical reactions reversible?

A

Yes, but many biological reactions go in only one direction because of energy requirements or the removal of reaction products

37
Q

What factors influence the rate of chemical reactions?

A

When particles collide and valence shell electrons interact; the smaller the reacting particles, the great their kinetic energy and the faster the reaction rate; higher temperature or reactant concentration, as well as the presence of catalysts

38
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

the number of protons in the atoms of a particular element (Hydrogen atoms contain one proton and therefore has the atomic no. 1

39
Q

what is the atomic weight of an atom?

A

approximately equals the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus

40
Q

what are ions?

A

atoms that gain or lose electrons, hence becoming electrically charged

41
Q

What is a decomposition reaction?

A

when the bonds within a reactant molecule break so that simpler molecules, atoms, or ions form
AB –> A + B

42
Q

What is a synthesis reaction?

A

when two or more atoms (reactants) bond to form a more complex structure (product)
A + B –> AB

43
Q

What is an exchange reaction?

A

parts of two different types of molecules trade positions; AB + CD –> AD + CB

44
Q

What is an example of an exchange reaction?

A

When an acid reacts with a base, producing water and a salt

45
Q

What is the definition of a reversible reaction?

A

When the product(s) of the reaction can change back to the reactant(s) that originally underwent the reaction

46
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

particular atoms or molecules that can change the rate (not the direction) of a reaction without being consumed in the process

47
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

substances that release electrically charged ions in water

48
Q

This type of electrolyte releases hydrogen ions in the water

A

acid

49
Q

This type of electrolyte releases ions that bond with hydrogen ions

A

base; NaOH –> Na+ + OH-

50
Q

How is pH measured?

A

Measured by the concentration of hydrogen ions (and hydroxide ions) in a substance

51
Q

Water is an important _____ because many substances readily dissolve in it.

A

solvent

52
Q

What is a substance that dissolves in water and is broken down into smaller and smaller pieces, eventually to molecular-sized particles, called?

A

solute

53
Q

how do inorganic and organic molecules differ?

A

Organic molecules contain carbon AND hydrogen

54
Q

name the inorganic substances common in body fluids

A

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and salts

55
Q

how do electrolytes and non electrolytes differ?

A

Electrolytes release electrically charge ions in water

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (18 decks)

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