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BIOLOGY -MODULE 2 > CELLS > Flashcards

CELLS Flashcards

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1
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Make up multicellular rganisms
More complicated structure to prokaryotic
Membrane bound nucleus and cytoplasms

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2
Q

Nucleus( eukaryotes)

A

Double membrane( nucelar envelope)
Pores in envelope - enable substances to enter
DNA in form of chromatin( DNA wound around histone proteins)
NUCELAR ENVELOPE- protects from damage
DNA- directs protein synthesis
GENETIC material

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3
Q

Nucleolus

A

Within the nucelus, doesn’t have a membrane, made of RNA and protein
Makes ribosomes

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4
Q

Mitachondria

A

DOUBLE membrane
Inner membrane HIGHLY folded( cristae and fluid interior matrix)
Contain Loop of DNA
ROD shaped
Site of ATP production
Membrane forming cristae contains enzymes used in respiration

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5
Q

Cell surface membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Barrier, selectively permeable
Site of cell- cell recognision and recieving cell signals

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6
Q

GOLGI

A

WIFI
Vesciles on ends of cisternae
Proteins are modified and packaged into vesciles
Pinched off, leave cell or stored

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7
Q

SMOOTH endoplasmic reticulum

A

System of membranes ( contain fluid filed cavities- cisternae), connected to outer nuclear membrane
ENzymes that catalyse reactions involved with lipid adm carbohydrate synthesis
Storage and transport

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8
Q

ROUGH er

A

Coated with ribosomes

SYnethsis and transport of proteins- transported to golgi

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9
Q

LYSOSOMES

A

Specialised vesicles surrounded by single membrane
Hydrolytic enzymes(digestive)
Membranes keep hydrolytic enzyme seperate
Engulf old cell roganelles, waste material and return digested components of cell for resuse
Role in apoptisis
Break down pathogens injested by phagocytic cells

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10
Q

VESicles

A

Membranous sacks surrounded by a single membrane and fluid inside
Transport materials inside cells and have storage roles

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11
Q

RIBOSOMES

A

Made of rRNA
Made in nucleus as 2 seperate subunits
Some free in cytoplasm, some on ER, mitochondria, chloroplasts
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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12
Q

CYTOSOL

A

Aqueous proportion of cytoplasm
reactions take place here
Messanger molecules diffuse through

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13
Q

The cytoskeleton

A 
Network of fibres 
Organelles held in place
Controls cell movement and contraction 
Controls organelle movement 
Stabilises cell shape 
Transport within cells
Mechanical strength
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14
Q

Microfilaments

A

Contractile fibres made up of strands of protein actin
responsible for cell movement and contraction during Cytokinesis ( cytoplasm– 2 daughter cells)
Pinched shape- contraction and cytoplasmic streaming
Move against each other e.g. mvoe some organelles

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15
Q

Microtubules

A

Long, globular tubulin proteins polymerise to form tubes that are used to form a scaffold-like structure that determines cell shape
Microtubues lengthen and shorten by adding or subtracting tubulin
Microtubule shortening moves chromosomes
Interactions between micro tubules drive movement of cells

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16
Q

Microtubule motors

A

Proteins found on mirotubules
Use ATP
Move chromosomes in mitosis

17
Q

Intermediate fibres

A

Give mechanical strength to cells to maintain integrity

18
Q

Centrioles

A

Present in most eukaryotes with exception of flowering plant and most fungi
Made of microtubules(9 triplets for each pair of centrioles)
2 centrioles=centrosome, involved in spindle fibre assembly and organisation
Oeganisms with flagella and cilia, centrioles position structures

19
Q

CELLULOSE CELL WALL

A

Many cellulose molecules joined together to form fibres, in many different directions, embedded in a matrix
Maintains plant cell shape+support through resisting tugor pressure
Permeable
Plasmodesmata allow direct exhange between plant cells
Defense against pathogens

20
Q

Vacuole? what is it?

A

Sac containing cell sap
Important in the maintenance of turgor so teh contents of the cell push against the cell wall and maintain a rigid framework
Membrane is called tonoplast

21
Q

Functions of teh vacuole

A

Selectively permeable
Only plant cells have a large permeable vacuole
Maintain cell stability- when full, cytoplasm is pushed against cell wall= turgid
When cells are turgid- helps to support

22
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Double membrane
Inner membrane highly folded to provide large SA for reactions
Contain loops of DNA and starch grains
Fluid enclosed in the chloroplast = stoma
Internal network of membranes which form flattered sacks called thylakoids
Several stacked together= granum
Grana joined by membranes called lamellae

SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

23
Q

What are prokaryotes

A

Single celled organisms
Simple structure of just a single undivided internal area called cytoplasm
Unicellular

24
Q

DNA in prokaryotic cells

A 
One molecule( 1 chromosome)
SUpercoiled so its compact
Genes on chromosomes are often grouped inot operons, meaning the number of genes are switched on and off at same time 
Structure same as eukaryotes
extra loops of dna called plasmids
25
Q

Ribosomes in prokaryotic cells

A

Smaller than prokarytic
Size determined by rate at which they settle in solution
70s

26
Q

Cell wall of prokaryotes

A

Peptidogylcan/murein

Amino acids and sugars

27
Q

Size of ribsoomes in eukaryotes

A

80S

28
Q

How do the organelles work together for protein synthesis?

A

Proteins synthesised on ribsoomes on the ER
Pass into its cisternae and packaged into transport vesciles
Vesicles moved to golgi by cytoskeleton
Vesicles fuse with cis face of golgi and proteins enter
Modified and leave in vesicles form trans face
Leave cell or form lysosomes

29
Q

FLagellum

A 
Whip like structure 
Enable cells to move
Thinner than cilia 
Attached to cell membrane of a bacterium by basal body adn rotated by a molecular motor and causes it to  rotate giving the filament whip movement 
Used aw sensory organelles in some cells
30
Q

Cilia

A

Mobile(rhythmic creating a current) or stationary(surface of amnu cells and role in sensory organs)
SHort (less than 10um)
Centrioles
Eukaryotes

31
Q

What is the structure of a cilia /flagellum

A

9+2 arrangement
2 central microtubules and 9 pairs of microtubiles
parallel micro tubules slide over each other

32
Q

Size of prokaryote and eukaryote cell

A

2um

20um

33
Q

Function of cytoskeleton - inside cell

A

Chromosomes movment

RNA movement

BIOLOGY -MODULE 2 (24 decks)

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