CARBS Flashcards
What are carbohydrates?
Only conain C, H and O
Cx(H20)y
Functions of carbohydrates?
- Source of energy for respiration
- Energy storage
- Structural component
- Breakdown of fatty acids
What are the 3 types of carbohydrates ?
- Monosacccharides
- Disaccharides
- Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
Soluble in water
Classified by number of carbon atoms- Tri, pent, hex
General formula= Cn (H20)n
What are the 2 strucural variations of glucose?
ALPHA, Hydoxyl group below the first carbon
BETA, hydroxyl group above the first carbon
Is glucose polar/ soluble in water?
yes- Hydrogen bonds form between hydroxyl groups and water molecules
What type of monsosaccharide are fuctose and galactose>
HEXTOSE
WHAT are dissacharides?
2 monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond
Maltose
When 2 alpha glucose are side by side, the hydroxyl groups interact
H20 removed
Bond froms between carbon 1 and 4 = 1,4 glycosidic bond
What is sucrose made of ?
Glucose and fructose
What is lactose made of?
Glucose and galactose
What are polysaccharides?
Large, insolubke molecules composed of MANY sugar units
Joined by condensation reactions
STARCH
Many alpha molecules joined by glycosidic bonds
2 types of polusaccharides known collectively as starch
Glucose made by photosynthesis in plant cells is stored as starch
Amylose
Formed by alpha glucose molecules joined by 1,4 glycosidic bonds
Long chain of glucose twists to form a helix , futher stbailised by H bonding within the miecluke
More comapact and less soluble than alpha glucose moecuels
Stores LOTS of energy
Amylopectin
Glycosidic bonds form in condensation reaction between carbon 1 adn carbon 6 on 2 glucose moeclules
Some glycosidic bonds fromed by condesation reactions
Both 1,4 and 1,6,
BRANCHED strucuture
Side branches- rapidly injected by enzymes- energy released
Glycogen
Functionally equivilant energy storage molecule to starch
More branches and coiling than amylopectin meaning its more compact and less space in needed
Branches mean that theres free ends where glucose can be added or removed= speeding up process of storing and releasing glucose
made of alpha glucose, 1,4
How is starch stored?
As grains in plant cells
How is gycogen stored?
As granules in the live and muscles
What is cellulose?
Strucutral polysaccharide
Beta glucose
Hydroxyl groups on carbon 1+4 are too far away to react, so ALTERNATE beta glucose are turned upsid down
Unableto coil- STRAIGHT CHAIN MOLCECULE
WHAT are microfibres ?
When cellulose molecules make hydrogen bonds with each other
What are fibres ?
WHEN microfibres combine
Strong and insoluble
Used to make cell walls
Cell walls
Layers of fibres running ind ifferent directions
LOTS OF STRENGTH - doesnt break
Cellulose - animals?
Important part of our diet
Forms fibre/roughage necessary for healthy digestive system
What is a glycosidic bond
A bond formed between 2 glucose molecule s
Hydroxyl group doc Carbon 1 on one molecule and Carbon 4 of the other
Condensation reaction
Covalent bond
What bonds are there in cellulose and between cellulose moecluels
Between the beta glucose
1,4 glycosidic bonds
Between cellulose = hydrogen bonds = macrofibrils
Combine = fibres
