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Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What components do plant cells have?

A
  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleus
  • ribosomes
  • mitochondria
  • chloroplasts
  • vacuole
  • cell wall
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1
Q

What components do animal cells have?

A
  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleus
  • ribosome
  • mitochondria
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2
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

The liquid that fills the cell. It gives animal cells shape. Substance can move throughout the cytoplasm and reactions take place here.

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the cell membrane?

A

It forms a barrier between the cell and the outside. It controls what can go in or out of the cell. Oxygen and small objects can move through it freely. It is partially permeable.

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4
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

It is surrounded by a membrane. It separates the DNA ( packaged in chromosomes) from the cytoplasm to protect it. It controls the cell’s activities and the way it develops.

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5
Q

What is the purpose of mitochondria?

A

They are organelles (“little organs”) inside cells that carry out the aerobic respiration. This is the breakdown of glucose in presence of oxygen releasing energy.

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6
Q

What is the purpose of ribosomes?

A

They are responsible for turning messages from the nucleus into amino acid sequences for protein.

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7
Q

What is the endoplasm reticulum?

A

It is used by the cell to produce proteins that are transported out of the cell. It is a membrane with many ribosomes embedded into it.

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the cell wall?

A

It gives shape to the plant cell and is made of cellulose. It stops the cell from bursting when it fills with water from osmosis. substances can move freely through the cell wall.

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9
Q

What is the purpose of chloroplasts?

A

They are organelles surrounded by a membrane where photosynthesis takes place. Starch is also stored here.

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10
Q

What are the purpose of vacuoles?

A

They contain cell sap, a mixture of water, sugars and other substances. Plant cells use it for storage. It also helps maintain the shapes and turgidity (firmness) of the cell.

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11
Q

What are organelles?

A

It is a tiny cellular structure that performs a specific structure within a cell.

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12
Q

What is a specialised cell?

A

Cells that are adapted for specific tasks.

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13
Q

What happens when specialised cells divide?

A

They make more of the same type of cell. Cells that can turn into other cell types are known as stem cells.

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14
Q

What can bone marrow cells turn into?

A 
They can turn into various blood cell types:
Totipotent (e.g. embryonic stem cells) 
or pluripotent (e.g.haematopoetic stem cells in bone.)
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15
Q

? -> ? -> ? -> ? -> ?

A

Cells -> tissue -> organ -> organ system -> organism

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16
Q

Actual size =?

A

Image size/magnification

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17
Q

Magnification=?

A

Image size/actual size

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18
Q

Image size=?

A

Actual size x magnification

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19
Q

Metre then ?

A

Metre, centre metre, millimetre, micrometer, nanometer

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20
Q

Metre 10?

A

0

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21
Q

Micro metre 10?

A

-16

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22
Q

Nano metre 10?

A

-9

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23
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells with similar structures, working together to perform a shared function

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24
Q

What is a bone marrow?

A

A tissue

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25
Q

What is a bone?

A

An organ

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26
Q

What is a skeleton?

A

An organ system

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27
Q

What is a cell?

A

Basic structural and functional unit of a living organism.

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28
Q

What is an organ?

A

A structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform specific tasks.

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29
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions.

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30
Q

What is an adaption for a red blood cell?

A

It has a long thin extension, the root hair, which provides a large surface area for absorption to happen.

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31
Q

What is the function red blood cell?

A

They absorb water and minerals from soil water.

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32
Q

What is the function of xylem vessel?

A

They transport water in the plant.

They support the plant.

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33
Q

What are the vacuoles like in animal cells?

A

They are small.

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34
Q

What are the vacuoles like in plant cells?

A

They are big and contain cell sap.

35
Q

Are there chloroplasts in animal cells?

A

No

36
Q

What sort of plants have vacuoles?

A

They are present in green cells (above ground)

37
Q

Is there a cell wall in animal cells?

A

No

38
Q

What are the cells walls like in plant cells?

A

It is a cellulose cell wall.

39
Q

What Is the shape of animal cell?

A

They vary and can change as there is no cell wall.

40
Q

What is the shape like in a plant cell?

A

It is determined by the cell wall, usually box like but can be spherical.

41
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Cells that can turn into other cell types.

42
Q

What are the specialised cells in animals?

A 
Ciliated epithelial cells
Muscle cells
Red blood cells
Nerve cells
Sperm cells
Egg cells
43
Q

What are the specialised cells in plants?

A

Root hair cells

Xylem vessels

44
Q

What are organs?

A

They are a number of tissues working together to carry a specific task.

45
Q

What tissues is your heart made of?

A

Nervous tissue, muscle tissue, fibrous tissue and blood.

46
Q

What are some organ systems in mammals?

A

The digestive system, the excretory system, the nervous system and the reproductive system.

47
Q

Whst are some organs in plants?

A

The root, the flower and the leaf

48
Q

Does a mitochondrial have a nucleus?

A

No.

49
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

The breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce energy. This happens in the mitochondirion

50
Q

What are proteins?

A

Biological polymers, consisting of a long chain of amino acids. They can be used for structure, enzymes, hormones and a number of other functions.

51
Q

What are neurons?

A

Cells of the nervous system that pass on nervous impulses.

52
Q

what are capillaries?

A

They are very small blood vessels that link arteries and veins.

53
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process which an undifferentiated stem cell turns into a specialised cell.

54
Q

What are dendrons?

A

Projections that lead to the cell body of a nerve cell, carrying messages from receptors or other nerve cells.

55
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process of plant nutrition. Plants use light energy to turn inorganic carbon dioxide into organic molecules.

56
Q

What is the lignin?

A

A substance that helps provide structure to xylem vessels. It is also responsible for the strength in wood

57
Q

What are root hair cells?

A

Cells in the root of a plant that are adapted to absorb water and minerals from the soil by having s large surface area and a thinner cell wall.

58
Q

What is an axon?

A

Projections that allow the passing of nervous impulses from the cell body to another cell.

59
Q

What is another word for a red blood cell?

A

erythrocytes, they also have no nucleus.

60
Q

What are amino acid sequences?

A

The amino acids in a protein. The sequence determines the shape of the protein.

61
Q

What is skeletal muscles?

A

Muscle tissue that is attached to skeleton and allows movement to occur.

62
Q

What is starch?

A

A polymer of glucose produced by plants as an energy store.

63
Q

What are Embryonic stem cells?

A

Cells found in an embryo that can turn into more that one cell.

64
Q

What are muscle cells?

A

Cells that can contract and relax and cause movement as a result.

65
Q

What is an embryo?

A

The early stage of the developed of a fertilised egg.

66
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells. Cells that are adapted to carrying oxygen because of their shape and the amount on haemoglobin that they carry.

67
Q

What does multicellular mean?

A

An organism containing many cells.

68
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

They consist of DNA wrapped around protein. The total DNA in a cell is divided across a number of chromosomes.

69
Q

What is a biconcave?

A

With a dent on either side of the cell; a bit like a ringed donut the doesn’t quite have a hole in it.

70
Q

What is cellulose?

A

A polymer of glucose that is used by plant cells to make cell walls. A complex carbohydrate.

71
Q

What is a trachea?

A

Windpipe. A pipe surrounded by cartilage that connects the mouth to the lungs and allows air to flow into the lungs.

72
Q

What is turgidity

A

The measure of how turgid a cell is.

73
Q

What is cell sap?

A

The content of a plant sap vacuole, consisting of waters, sugars, minerals and amino acids

74
Q

What are ciliates epithelial cells?

A

Cells lining the trachea, bronchi and oviducts that are covered in cilia allowing it to move mucus and the egg respectfully

75
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

Cells in the lining of trachea and bronchi that produce mucus to trap foreign particles.

76
Q

What is an acrosome?

A

A part of a sperm cell that contains digestive enzymes that will help sperm cells break through the capsule surrounding the egg cell.

77
Q

What is bronchi?

A

Two tubes that take air from the trachea into the lungs.

78
Q

What are hæmogoblin?

A

A protein that carry oxygen from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration in erythrocytes on the blood.

79
Q

What is mucus?

A

A sticky liquid produced by the goblet cells which traps foreign particles, preventing them from entering the lungs.

80
Q

Where is a palisade mesophyll?

A

It’s below the waxy cuticle and the upper eperdermic.

81
Q

What does it contain?

A

Chloroplasts.

82
Q

Why is the palisade mesophyll arranged vertically?

A

So that it gets the maximum amount to sun.

83
Q

What does flaccid mean?

A

Limp not turgid/same water potential inside and outside the cell.

84
Q

What is a meristem?

A

A mass of undifferentiated cells at the end of the root and shoot of a plant which can differentiate into many other types of cells.

85
Q

What is a stoma?

A

Stoma are used for letting water vapor and gases into and out of a cell (leaf)

Biology (18 decks)

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