Biological Molecules Flashcards
What are large molecules made from?
Smaller molecules such as: Starch Glycogen Cellulose Proteins
What are complex sugars?
They consist of two or more simple sugars.
What are some equations of complex sugars?
Glucose + glucose -> maltose
Glucose + fructose -> sucrose
Glucose + galactose -> lactose
What are biological molecules?
They are molecules that have been made by living organisms.
Does a cell contain molecules?
Yes, it is made up of millions of molecules.
Which chemical elements make up lipids (fats and oils)
They contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
What are lipids?
Fats and oils
What chemical elements make up proteins?
They all contain, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and many contain sulphur
What chemical elements makes up carbohydrates?
They contain hydrogen, carbon and oxygen atoms
What do simple sugars consist of?
A single ring of carbon molecules
What do simple sugars consist of?
A single ring of carbon molecules.
What are the four main categories of biological molecules?
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
DNA and RNA
What does the benedicts test test for?
Reducing sugars
What does the biuret test test for?
Protein
What does the iodine test test for?
Starch
What does the emulsion test test for?
Lipids
What does the DCPIP test test for?
Vitamin C
How does benedicts test work?
Add sample (with water if necessary) to test tube
Add equal amount of benedicts reagent
Heat mixture
If the mixture turns to green, yellow, brick-red, a reducing sugar is present
How does DCPIP work?
Add sample to test tube and add water if solid
Add drop of DCPIP to solution
If the colour disappears after mixing vitamin C is present
How many different types of amino acids are there?
20
How does the biuret test work?
Add the sample, dissolved in water if it needs to be
Add equal amount of biuret A (NaOH)
Add biuret B (CuSO4)
If the solution solution goes purple then protein is present if it doesn’t then there isn’t
What do different sequences of amino acids give?
Different shapes to protein molecules
How does the emulsion test?
Add liquid sample to test tube
Add 2cm^3 of ethanol and mix
Add 2cm^3 of water and mix
If a white emulsion appears lipids are present
What are some examples of complex sugars?
Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose
How many different amino acids are there?
20
What is the active site?
Where the molecules needed for the reaction can bind
What do different shapes of amino acids mean?
They have different functions
What is a gene
A stretch of DNA
Are sugars soluble?
Yes and sweet tasting.
What happens if the active site has a different shape?
It can no longer bind these substrates
Is the shape of the amino acids important?
It is extremely important
What elements does a protein consist as?
Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms
How does the iodine test work?
Place the sample on dropper plate
Add a few drops of iodine
If the sample goes blue-black it contains starch
Describe DNA, it’s features and what it binds to
Two strands consisting of bases, coiled together to form a double helix
Cross-links between strands formed by pairs of bases and always paid up with A with T and C with G
What does a protein consist of?
A chain (chains) of amino acids
What ae complex carbohydrates used for?
A store for energy
What can proteins be?
Enzymes
Structural
Antibodies
Hormones
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxymbrose nucleic acid
Where is DNA found?
In every living cell that can divined (so not red blood cells)
What does DNA contain?
All the information needed to make every protein in every cell of an organism.
How is the information in DNA formed?
It is stored in the form of genes-stre he’s of DNA which have a particular sequence
What happens when different genes are activated?
A message is sent to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm and on the rough endoplasmic.
What bases pair up with each other?
A:T
C:G
What is water sometimes called?
A universal solvent
What does each stand on DNA have?
A backbone and a sequence of nucleic bases
Why are enzymes important to our survival?
Millions of chemical reactions take place at any one time and millions of enzymes are catalysing these reactions. Without enzymes the reactions would happen but way too slowly.
What does the sequence of bases of DNA determine?
The sequence of amino acids in the protein
What does the sequence of bases determine?
The sequence of amino acids
Is water a biological molecule?
It isn’t but plays an essential role.
What is water capable of doing?
Dissolving many different molecules
What are the four different bases in DNA?
A, t, G and C