Biological Molecules Flashcards
0
Q
What are large molecules made from?
A
Smaller molecules such as: Starch Glycogen Cellulose Proteins
1
Q
What are complex sugars?
A
They consist of two or more simple sugars.
2
Q
What are some equations of complex sugars?
A
Glucose + glucose -> maltose
Glucose + fructose -> sucrose
Glucose + galactose -> lactose
3
Q
What are biological molecules?
A
They are molecules that have been made by living organisms.
4
Q
Does a cell contain molecules?
A
Yes, it is made up of millions of molecules.
5
Q
Which chemical elements make up lipids (fats and oils)
A
They contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
6
Q
What are lipids?
A
Fats and oils
7
Q
What chemical elements make up proteins?
A
They all contain, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and many contain sulphur
8
Q
What chemical elements makes up carbohydrates?
A
They contain hydrogen, carbon and oxygen atoms
9
Q
What do simple sugars consist of?
A
A single ring of carbon molecules
11
Q
What do simple sugars consist of?
A
A single ring of carbon molecules.
12
Q
What are the four main categories of biological molecules?
A
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
DNA and RNA
13
Q
What does the benedicts test test for?
A
Reducing sugars
14
Q
What does the biuret test test for?
A
Protein
15
Q
What does the iodine test test for?
A
Starch
16
Q
What does the emulsion test test for?
A
Lipids
17
Q
What does the DCPIP test test for?
A
Vitamin C
18
Q
How does benedicts test work?
A
Add sample (with water if necessary) to test tube
Add equal amount of benedicts reagent
Heat mixture
If the mixture turns to green, yellow, brick-red, a reducing sugar is present
19
Q
How does DCPIP work?
A
Add sample to test tube and add water if solid
Add drop of DCPIP to solution
If the colour disappears after mixing vitamin C is present
20
Q
How many different types of amino acids are there?
A
20
21
Q
How does the biuret test work?
A
Add the sample, dissolved in water if it needs to be
Add equal amount of biuret A (NaOH)
Add biuret B (CuSO4)
If the solution solution goes purple then protein is present if it doesn’t then there isn’t
22
Q
What do different sequences of amino acids give?
A
Different shapes to protein molecules
23
Q
How does the emulsion test?
A
Add liquid sample to test tube
Add 2cm^3 of ethanol and mix
Add 2cm^3 of water and mix
If a white emulsion appears lipids are present
24
Q
What are some examples of complex sugars?
A
Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose
25
How many different amino acids are there?
20
26
What is the active site?
Where the molecules needed for the reaction can bind
28
What do different shapes of amino acids mean?
They have different functions
29
What is a gene
A stretch of DNA
30
Are sugars soluble?
Yes and sweet tasting.
31
What happens if the active site has a different shape?
It can no longer bind these substrates
32
Is the shape of the amino acids important?
It is extremely important
33
What elements does a protein consist as?
Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms
34
How does the iodine test work?
Place the sample on dropper plate
Add a few drops of iodine
If the sample goes blue-black it contains starch
35
Describe DNA, it's features and what it binds to
Two strands consisting of bases, coiled together to form a double helix
Cross-links between strands formed by pairs of bases and always paid up with A with T and C with G
36
What does a protein consist of?
A chain (chains) of amino acids
38
What ae complex carbohydrates used for?
A store for energy
39
What can proteins be?
Enzymes
Structural
Antibodies
Hormones
40
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxymbrose nucleic acid
41
Where is DNA found?
In every living cell that can divined (so not red blood cells)
42
What does DNA contain?
All the information needed to make every protein in every cell of an organism.
43
How is the information in DNA formed?
It is stored in the form of genes-stre he's of DNA which have a particular sequence
44
What happens when different genes are activated?
A message is sent to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm and on the rough endoplasmic.
45
What bases pair up with each other?
A:T
C:G
46
What is water sometimes called?
A universal solvent
47
What does each stand on DNA have?
A backbone and a sequence of nucleic bases
48
Why are enzymes important to our survival?
Millions of chemical reactions take place at any one time and millions of enzymes are catalysing these reactions. Without enzymes the reactions would happen but way too slowly.
49
What does the sequence of bases of DNA determine?
The sequence of amino acids in the protein
50
What does the sequence of bases determine?
The sequence of amino acids
51
Is water a biological molecule?
It isn't but plays an essential role.
52
What is water capable of doing?
Dissolving many different molecules
54
What are the four different bases in DNA?
A, t, G and C
54
What can water do around the body?
It carries nutrients around the body (in blood or phloem) and waste our.
It also allows diffusion to occur in cells and allows reactions to occur.
55
What are sugars used for?
They are used as an immediate energy source
56
What is a catalyst?
Something that speeds up a reaction without being used up or changed
57
What would happen without water?
Life wouldn't exist
58
What does element mean?
Substance made from only one type of atom
59
What is a molecule?
A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound.
60
What is an enzyme?
They are proteins that function as biological catalysts
61
How does enzyme action work?
"Lock and key" the substrate fits into the enzymes active site to form products. The substrate doesn't fit into any other enzyme.
62
How is the information stored in DNA ?
In the form of genes
63
What is an atom?
They make up everything and they are the smallest thing in a chemical element that can exist.
64
What are some examples of complex carbohydrates?
Starch, glycogen and cellulose
65
What is an investigation to test temperature on enzyme activity?
Set up water baths of different temperatures
Add 2cm^3 of diatose in 5 test tubes in the water baths
Add 2cm^3 of starch in 5 other test tubes in the water baths
Leave them for five minutes and then combine them
Each minute take not of the solution in iodine
67
How many times can enzymes be used as catalysts?
Multiple times
68
What are enzymes influenced by?
pH and temperature
69
What are enemies made of?
Long protein strands
71
How do enzymes form shapes?
They fold into shapes which allow the substate to fit into the area of the active site
72
What does complex carbohydrates consist of?
Hundreds or thousands of glucose molecules joined together
73
Where does the reaction occur?
The active site
74
How do you know if something is an enzyme?
- Ase
75
How do you know if something is a sugar?
- one
76
What are example of simple sugars?
Glucose, fructose and galaxtose
77
How can you find out the Tate of reaction?
You look at either the amount of substrate that disappears in a certain time or the amount of product that appears.
78
Why does changing the temperature change the rate of reaction?
If you increase the temperature the particles get more energy, this means they move more quickly.
79
What temperature do enzymes work best in?
They have an optimum temperature, in humans it is 37 degrees
80
What happens to the enzymes when the temperature gets above the optimum temperature?
The bonds which hold the enzyme together start to break and the shape of the enzyme changes and it no longer has an active site, it has been denatured.
81
What is a balanced diet?
A balanced diet provides an adequate diet intake of all the nutrients your body requires
82
How does age change dietary needs?
At a younger age children need more to help them grow, eg calcium, poor vitamin D in a diet leads to bad bones and can lead to rickets, where legs curve
83
How does actives affect dietary needs
Someone who is more active will need more calories because they burn more and would need more.
84
How does gender affect dietary needs?
A man needs more than a woman because they have more muscles and are naturally bigger.
85
How does starvation work?
If a person gets less energy than they require for their BMR they may starve. Humans can go long without food but but long without water.
86
What happens during starvation?
the body uses reserves of carbs and fats and proteins, including breaking muscle tissue
87
What happens to BMR during starvation?
It drops as well
88
What diseases can malnutrition cause?
Kwashiorkor
| Marasmus
89
What is constipation?
Fibre gives your digestion system something to work on. The aids of passage of food through of the alimentary canal. Without adequate fibre constipation may occur.
90
Where is fibre found?
In fruits and vegetables
91
What is coronary heart disease?
If you eat too much saturated fat it causes development of fatty deposits in the arteries, if this occurs then blood supply to the heart is reduced, this can lead to angina and a possible heart attack.
92
What is obesity?
If your energy intake exceeds the energy you use, your body will convert this into excess fat around your organs.
93
What foods lead to obesity?
Fatty, refined foods and social and emotional stress.
94
What can obesity lead to?
Coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes and arthritis
95
Where are carbs found?
Starchy and sugary foods
96
What are carbs used for?
Energy (immediate and storage)
97
Where is vitamin C found?
Fruit and veg
98
Why is vitamin C important?
Immune system and connective tissue
99
What are the associated organs with the small intestine?
Duodenum and ileum
100
Where is vitamin D found?
Animal protein, produces in body using sunlight
101
What is vitamin C used for?
Ability to fix calcium to form bones
102
Where are lipids found?
Plant oils, meat fish, dairy, nuts
103
What are lipids used for?
Energy storage, insulation, cell membranes
104
Where are proteins found?
Meat, fish, nuts, dairy and pulses
105
What are protein used for?
Creation of new proteins, growth, repair
106
Where is calcium found?
Meat, dairy, pulses
107
What is calcium used for?
Bones
108
Where is iron found?
Meat , leafy vegetables
109
What is iron used for?
Production of haemoglobin
110
Where is fibre found?
Vegetables, particularly leafy vegetables
111
What is fibre used for?
Help digestive transit
112
What can happen if you don't get enough iron?
You can get anaemic
113
What can happen if you don't get enough vitamin D and too much energy and protein?
Kwashiorkor
| Marasmus
114
What are the symptoms of kwashiorkor?
```
Swelling of abdomen and legs
Hunger belly
Sparse dry hair
Flaky skin
Fat accumulation
```
115
What are the symptoms of marasmus?
```
Children have a very low body mass
Very thin arms and legs
Very little muscle or fat
Wizened, old looking g
Face
```
116
What are the treatments of kwashiorkor and marasmus?
Feeding should involve serving small quantities of food, because the pancreatic cells and intestine cells die so there are fewer digestive enzymes produced and the surface area of the gut is reduced for absorption.
Foods that have high protein content as well as a decent energy source need to be given to sufferers of the disease.
117
How do you work out the BMI?
Mass (kg)
----------------
Height^2 (m)
118
What are the organs in the human alimentary canal?
```
The mouth
The stomach
The pancreas
The liver and gall bladder
The small intestine
The large intestine
```
118
What is the human alimentary canal?
The digestive system it consists of a bunch of organs that work together to break up food into smaller compounds
119
What is ingestion?
Taking of substances into the body through the mouth.
119
What is mechanical digestion?
Breakdown of food into smaller molecules without chemical change to the molecules
119
What is chemical digestion?
Breakdown of large insoluble molecules to small soluble molecules.
119
What is absorption?
Movement of small food molecules and ions through the intestine wall to the blood
119
What is assimilation?
Movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used.
120
What are the associated organs with the large intestine?
Colon, rectum, anus
121
What is a polymer?
A large molecule made up out of a large number. Of small subunits
Starch is a polymer of glucose
122
What are some example les of simple sugar?
Starch
Fructose
Glycogen
123
What are some examples of complex carbohydrates?
Starch, cellulose
124
What are some examples of complex sugars?
Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose
125
What are lipids made of?
A glycerol head
| A fatty acid tail
126
Where is DNA found?
It is present in virtually every cell
127
What does DNA carry?
All the genes (translated into protein by the ribosomes)
128
What does each strand have?
Each strand is twisted together to form a double helix
| Each strand which has a backbone which forms the outside of the helix and bases sticking into the inside
