Cell Unit Test Flashcards
What is the organization of life from smallest to largest?
Atom, Molecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism, Population, Community, , Ecosystem, and Biosphere.
What are the characteristics of life?
- Was organized into atoms(made of elements);molecules (which formed proteins
-Contains genetic material DNA - Ability to reproduce asexually or sexually
- Maintain homeostasis
- Evolve overtime as a species
- Made up of at least one cell
- Obtain and use materials for energy
- Grow and developed
- Respond to the environment
What is the Modern Cell Theory?
- All cells are from pre-existing cells
- The cells of all living things carry on similar chemical activities
- All cells carry on their metabolic activities in organelles
- Cells are the basic units of function and structure in an organism.
When did the first life form evolve?
3.5 -3.8 bya
Prokaryote VS Eukaryote
Prokaryotes: Bacteria are a form of them, they are unicellular, No nucleus so DNA is stored in the cytoplasm, contains the cell wall, ribosomes come from DNA,
Eukaryotes: Contains a nucleus, and DNA is stored in the nucleus, Animal and plant cells are the two types, contain membrane-bound organelles, Body cells are made from them, and fungi, contain ribosomes, and protists are also eukaryotes, only plant cells contain cell wall.
Both: Contain ribosomes, cell membrane, and cytoplasm.
Multicellular def?
Composed of more than one cell that are organized into tissues, etc.
Maintaining homeostasis?
Unicellular- Grow, respond to the environment, transform energy, and reproduce.
Multicellular- Cells are specialized for particular tasks and communicate with each other
Both- the organelles in both eukaryote and prokaryote cells help to maintain homeostasis.
What is the contractile vacuole?
- Regulates water intake by pumping out excess
-Keeps cells from bursting
-Found in unicellular protists
Bacteria (prokaryotes) maintaining homeostasis?
- Can make proteins to help stop the negative effects of a change in PH of temperature
- Responds to the environment
Control
An experiment that remains the same or unchanged
Controlled variable
Variable that is being held constant in an experiment.
Independent variable
Variable that is being manipulated in an experiment
Dependent variable
Variable that changes in response to the independent variable
What is the endosymbiotic Theory?
- Some organelles within cells were at one time free-living cells themselves.
- Some organelles had their own DNA (chloroplast & mitochondria)
- Eukaryote cells started off as prokaryotes
- The prokaryote’s cell membranes acted as endocytosis by flexing and bringing cell organelles into the cells, or the organelles acted as parasites and went into the cell and ended up living there.
What is the organization of the size of cells Biggest to Smallest?
Plant cell, Animal cell, Bacteria
What are microscope parts and their functions?
Ocular lens- To look through it is 10x magnification
Objective lens - adjusts the magnification
Stage- Where the slide rests in order to be seen by the microscope lens
Stage clips- To hold the slides in place.
Stage adjustment - Adjusts the position of the stage
Fine adjustment- used to focus the lens and or bring the stage up a little bit
Coarse adjustment- Adjusts the closeness of the stage to the lens/ focus
Diaphragm- Adjusts the amount of light being let through
What are the two types of eukaryotes and their differences and similarities?
Plant cells and Animal cells.
Plant cells: rectangular in shape, contain cell walls, contain chloroplasts, contain large central vacuoles.
Animal cells: Round in shape, and no/very small vacuoles
Both: contain cell membrane, membrane-bound organelles, contain mitochondria, cytoplasm, nucleus/nucleolus, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, and ER
How do you estimate cell size?
You estimate the number of cells you can fit across the FD and then divide FD/AMount of cells across.
How do you calculate FD?
THE HIGHER THE MAG. THE LOWER THE FD
-From scanning to low the FD is divided by 2.5 from low to high the FD is divided by 4. `
How do you calculate the total mag?
Multiply the ocular lens mag. by the objective lens mag.
Scanning- 4x
Low- 10x
High - 40x
What is phagocytosis?
- “Cell eating”
- Engulfs large particles such as food, bacteria, etc. into vesicles
what is Pinocytosis?
-Takes in DISSOLVED molecules as a vesicle.
-“Cell drinking”
- Materials dissolve in water to be brought into the cell.
What is the Cell membrane?
- Flexible barrier that controls the movement of molecules, gases, and ions in and out of the cell.
- Porus/ semi-permeable
- Made up of two layers of phospholipids
- Each phospholipid has a hydrophilic water-loving head and a hydrophobic water-hating tail.
- Phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded
- Protein channels
- Receptors
- Glycoproteins act as markers for cell reignition
What is the cell organization of life in a cell?
Atom, molecules, organelle, cell.
