Cell Structures Flashcards
Cellular structure
Cell membrane, cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles, nucleus
What are the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles
Cytoplasm, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes
Cell membrane consists of
Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol
They work together to
Ensure structure, permeability, and solubility
A cell membrane consist is of
Phospholipid belayer
Phosphate groups
Non-lipid polar that are facing away from each other, towards the outer edges
The two fatty acid tails
Are non polar and are facing each other
Where is cholesterol found
Between the phospholipid molecules
What does cholesterol do
Adjusts the fluidity and flexibility of the membrane
Types of cell membrane proteins
Integral, transmembrane, peripheral
Integral proteins
Inserted firmly between phospholipid molecules
Transmembrane proteins
Reach or are exposed to both the cytosol and ECF
Peripheral proteins
Bound to the surface of the membrane
Function of cell membrane proteins
Transport across membrane, site of binding in the ECF, formation of cell-to-cell junctions, provision of enzymes with active sites, identify cell type or cell origin
Cell adhesion
Modifications that allow multiple cells to connect and function together as tissues and organs
Cell adhesion molecules
Desmosomes, tight junctions, gap junctions
Desosomes
Thickening of adjacent cell membranes, it’s time fibrils radiation into the cytoplasm of the cell
Tight junctions
Area or zone where two adjacent cells immediately adhere to each other, restricting the movement of water or dissolved materials between cells
Gap junctions
Passageways between adjacent cells formed by membrane proteins allowing the exchange of small molecules or ions
Methods of transportation
Sim0e and facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis
Simple diffusion
Distribution of a substance in a solvent medium to it become equal throughout
Facilitated diffusion
Requires a carrier system I’m the membrane to assist with crossing
Carrier system
Transmembrane protein that binds the diffusing molecule on one side and transfers it to the other side
Diffusion
Goes down concentration gradient
Diffusion also
Can regulate electrical gradient
Osmosis
Movement of water across membranes
Aquapoains
Transmembrane proteins responsible for the movement of water
Osmotic pressure
Force of moving water from the solution on the side of lower solute concentration to the higher side
Three types of Tonicity
Isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic
Isotonic
Osmotic pressure of the same on both sides
Hypotonic
Lower osmotic pressure in the interstitial fluid
Hypertonic
Lower osmotic pressure inside the cell
Active transport
Movement of some molecules or ions across the cell membrane against the gradients
Ion pumps
Membrane proteins that use active transport
Endocytosis
Movement or exterior cell membrane to surround extracellular materials and move across the membrane
Phagocytosis
Engulfing large amounts of dissolved particles
Pinocytosis
Engulfing small amounts of dissolved particles
Exocytosis
We reaction of products synthesized by the cell
Cytoplasm
material filling inside of the cells and containing intracellular organelles
organells
intracellular structures organized for a particular function
cytosal
relatively fluid portion of the cytoplasm
name the organelles
golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, nucleus
Golgi apparatus
sit of final stages of synthesis and packaging of secretory products of then cell, appears as a stack, varies in size and location in different tissues,
endoplasmic reticulum
membranous network found through the cytoplasm, divided into two different parts, functions - synthesize protein and lipids for new cell membranes, products for secretion
Ribosomes
RNA-protein complexes that synthesize proteins under direction of nuclear DNA
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
associated with ribosomes, synthesis of proteins
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
not associated with ribosomes, synthesis of lipids
Mitochondria
“power house of the cell”, produces energy for the cell, ovoid shaped organelles that have double membrane, contain their own DNA and RNA, inreases when energy demand increases, not dependent on cellular division.
lysosomes
membrane-bound vesicles of digestive enzymes, contain varied of enzymes that degrade all types of bio molecules, functions - phagocytosis of extracellular material within cell, engulf and degrade intracellular organelles for self regulation
Neucleus
contain genetic material of all encoded DNA, functions - regulate protein synthesis and biochemical activities, ensure passage of genetic material to new cells
somatic cells
genetic information for formation and structure of new cells
germline cells
genetic information for characteristics of new individuals.
