Anatomy of the skeletal system Flashcards
Ostelolgy
study of bones that make up the skeleton
Skeleton gives
appearance and structural, very similar in most mammalians with different that reflect lifestyle
Functions of bone
protection, structure, movement or locomotion, storage for minerals, blood cell formation, reservoir for inorganic minerals
Protection of what vital organs
ribcage - heart and lungs
skull and veterbral column - central nerves system
pelvis - urogenital organs
Compact bones
dense or cortical bone, hard dense outer surface, few open spaces, cylindrical columns built around blood vessels
Cancellous Bone
spongy or trabecular bone, very porous with inner portion less dense, spaces filled with bone marrow
Trabecullae
thin plates of bone forming a latticework structure
Medullary Cavity
medulla or marrow cavity, inner most portion, filled with bone marrow.
immature bone
nearly all red marrow (hematopoietic tissue)
Mature bone
red marrow is converted to yellow marrow (adipose tissue)
Epiphysis
either enlarged end of a long bone
Diaphysis
cylindrical shaft of the long bone between two epiphyses
Metaphysis
the flared area between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
Epiphyseal cartilage or plate
layer of cartilage within the metaphysis, only area for bone growth in length, only found in immature bone
Articular cartilage
thin layer of cartilage that covers the articular (join) surface of the bone
Periosteum
Fibrous membrane that covers the exterior surface of a bone, except where articular cartilage is located
Endostcum
fibrous membrane that covers the marrow cavity or interior surface and the osteons of a bone
three types of cells found in bone
osteoblast, osteoclast, osteocytes
Osteroblast
build up the bone, found in periosteum
Osteoclast
break-ing down the bone, found in endosteum
Ostecytes
maintain the none matrix, embedded between periosteum and endosteum
types of bones
long, short, flat, sesamoid, Pneumatic, irregular
Long bones
greater in one length than any other, characteristics - cylindrical shaft, two enlarged ends, metaphysis dividing each epiphysis from diaphysis, functions - leverage, aids in support, locomotion, prehension, found mostly in extremities
Short bones
cuboid in cape or approximately equal in all dimensions, characteristics - no defined marrow cavity, only spongy bone with marrow spaces, thin layers of compact bone on exterior, function - absorb shock or concussion, found in complex joints (carpus, tarsus (hock))
Flat bone
relatively thin bone that expanded in two dimensions, characteristics - two layers of compact bone, separated by spongy material, function - protection of vital organs, provide large surface area for muscle attachment
Examples of Flat bone
skull, pelvis, scapulae and ribs
Sesamoid bones
called due to their resemblance to sesame seeds, not all are shaped like seeds, functions - reduce friction of tendons during locomotions, embedded within a tendon (when over a joint)
Pneumatic Bone
contain hollow air spaces that interact with outside atmosphere, function - reduce weight, increase airspace capacity for respiration, found- frontal and maxillary bones of skull ( mammal and avian), humerus, clavicle, keel, ribs, pelvic girdle (avian only)
Irregular bones
no common shape, unpaired, lay on the median plane, function - protection, support, muscle attachment, common bones - vertebrae, unpaired bones in skull.
Axial Skeleton
includes bones on or attached to thew midline, skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs
