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Biology 31 > Cell Strctre? Membrane, Transport, DNA, Cell Cycle, Mitosis > Flashcards

Cell Strctre? Membrane, Transport, DNA, Cell Cycle, Mitosis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the usual size of a cell?

A

7/um to 120 /ur

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2
Q

Whatt is light microscopy?

A

Visible light passing through the cell

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3
Q

What is scanning electron microscopy
?

A

Beam of electrons bounces off surface or the cell to provide image of cell surface

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4
Q

What is transmission electron microscopy?

A

A beam of electrons passes through slice of specimen

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5
Q

What are the celular tissue functions? (8)

A

Covering, lining, storage, movement (muscles), connection , defense (white blood cells working), communication (nervous system), Reproduction

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6
Q

What do nearly all human cells have? What does cytoplasm include?

A

Plasma membrane (outer), cytoplasm (includes cellular content, cytosol incusions , and nucleus (part of cytoplas)

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7
Q

What is the major component of the cell membrane? What does it serve as?

A

The “phospholipid” and its bi-layer. It serves as a selective “permeable” barrier that regulates the passage of gases, nutrients, and wastes, between the internal and external environments of the cell

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8
Q

What lipids are in the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Glycolipids
Lipoproteins

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9
Q

What type of proteins are in the plasma membrane?

A

Integral (INside membrane) and peripheral (on surface)

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10
Q

A phospholipid is found where? Why is it a bi layer? Why is it important?

A

It is found in the plasma membrane
It’s a bilayer bc one side is polar (likes water) and the other is non polar. The top is polar and the tail is non polar.
It’s important bc it protects cell from things outside

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11
Q

If cholesterol is part of the plasma membrane, then what does it do? What else?
What components are there!

A

It holds the phospholipid’s bi layer together. It works against extreme temperatures!
Glycolipid (which is a carbohydrate attached to a phospholipid) Lipoproteins (helps with holding cells together) and glycoproteins (signaling)

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12
Q

What are membrane proteins?

A

Complex molecules made of amino acid chains

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13
Q

What do integral proteins do?
What is another name for them?

A

They are inside the phospholipid and expose the outside to the inside of the cell/
Another name: transmembrane protein

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14
Q

What happens if carbohydrates attach to proteins?

A

Then it forms a glycoprotein.

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15
Q

What do glycoprotein and glycolipids form?

A

Glycocalyxx

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16
Q

What are peripheral proteins? What they do?

A

Peripheral proteins are attached to surface of integral proteins. They act as enzymes to speed chemical reactions

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17
Q

What are the functions of proteins on plasma membrane?

A

Transport, intercellular connection (holding phospholipids together), anchorage, cell to cell recognition, signal transfer

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18
Q

What influences membrane permeability (go in) (6)

A

The type of transport protein (certain ones)
Plasma membrane structure
Concentration gradient (more on one side than the other)
Ionic change (it has to approve before going in)
Lipid solubilty
Molcular size

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of membrane transport?

A

Passive and active

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20
Q

What is the difference between passive and active transport.
What does difusión do?

A

Passive transport is moving down the concentration gradient by going through diffusion. Uses no energy only uses Difussion
Active Transport: movement of substance in membrane against concentration gradient which requires ATP.

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21
Q

I’m passive transport (transporting things into cell without energy), what is diffusion?

A

Difussion involves 2 things. Osmosis and dialysis. Osmosis and dialysis: Osmosis only brings in water. Dialysis includes 2 other things; simple Difussion and facilitated Difussion. Simple Dif is small molecules. Facilitated is for large molecules require a specific transport protein called a carrier molecule.

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22
Q

I’m active transport, what is bulk transport?
What are the two types of bill transport?

A

Moves large molecules acros plasma membrane. It includes exocytosis (move out of cell) and endocytosis (move into cell)

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23
Q

Exocytosis (out of cell) steps

A

1: vessel formed in golgi
2: vesicle merges w plasma then fuses
3: extra cellular (escape of cell)
4: when vesicle releases product, then it becomes part of plasma membrane

24
Q

The theee forms of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytes (cell eating pseodopodia)
Pinocytosis: cell drinking
Reception mediated endocytosis: only eating specific molecules

25
Q

What is the cytoplasm? What does it include?

A

Cytoplasm is between plasma membrane and nucleus. It includes cytosol (fluid), inclusions (non organelle material like melanin, carotene) , and organelles

26
Q

What is cytosol and what does it contain? (PART OF CYTOPLASM)

A

Cytosol is a jelly like fluid. It contains ions, nutrients, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and other small molecules

27
Q

What are inclusions? What are some examples? (Part of cytoplasm)

A

It’s large storage of complex molecules found in cytosol. Examples are melanin (black pigment) and carotene (yellow orange pigment) and glycogen (sugars in skeletal muscles

28
Q

What are organelles in cytoplasm? What do they do? What two classifications do they have?

A

Organelles are little organs. Each perform a different job. They can be classified as membrane bound and non membrane bound.

29
Q

What is the difference between membrane bound and non membrane bound organelles in the cytoplasm? What does membrane bound include? (Every girl answers lovely ppl mwah)

A

Non membrane bound have direct contact with cytosol (fluid) while non mem bound doesn’t. It includes endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria.

30
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum? (This is in the membrane bound organelle inside cytoplasm). What are the two types?

A

Te a sería of tubes and channels for transport of proteins and other substances. The two types are smooth ER and rough ER.

31
Q

What is the difference between smooth ER and rough ER. What are their functions?

A

One is smooth and one is rough bc the rough one has ribosomes outside.
Smooth: synthesis, transport and storage of lipids, detox of drugs
Rough: transfer of proteins for secretion and incorporation

32
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do? (This is part of the membrane bound organelles in the cytoplasm)

A

Functions to receive proteins and lipids from RER for modification, packaging, and secretion.

33
Q

What are the steps of protein flowing through the Golgi apparatus?

A

1: proteins synthesize in RER and into transport vesicles
2: then fuses w recording cis face at golgi.
3: modification in golgi
4; packaged into vesicles
5; either do exocytosis or become lysosomes

34
Q

What is lysosomes (part of membrane bound organelles in cytoplasm.

A

This came out from Golgi apparatus. It has enzymes for intracellular digestion which breakdown unwanted things.

35
Q

What are peroxisomes? (Part of membrane bound organelles in cytoplasm?

A

Similar to lysosomes but uses O2 and catalase enzyme to detoxify toxins in cell

36
Q

What is mitochondria? What is its function? (Part of membrane bound organelles in cytoplasm) (remember mito as Mighty!!) what does it contain?

A

It’s a double membrane bound. The outer layer ??? need more info. But the inner membrane is folded and contains the matrix. The surface contains cristae.
The function is to produce atp to cristae.

37
Q

Non membrane bound organelles. Give me examples

A

Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Centresomes and centrioles
Cilia and flagella
Microvillai

38
Q

What are ribosomes made of? What is the difference between free and fixed ribosome?

A

Large and small subunit
Responsible for protein synthesis

Free ribosomes are not attached to ER in cytosol
Fixed ribosomes are attached to outer surface of RER

39
Q

What is a cytoskeleton? What is it made of?

A

Cytoskeleton are proteins organized in the cytosol as solid filaments or hollow tubes
The three components;
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

40
Q

What is only found in muscle contraction?

A

Microfillaments

41
Q

I’m the cytoskeleton, part of the non membrane bound organelles, what is a microfillament? What’s it composed of? What’s it’s function?

A

Composed of actin proteins in helical strands
Composed of myosin
Function: maintain and change cell shape. Muscle contraction and cell division

42
Q

In intermediate filaments, which is one of the 3 components to cytoskeleton (non membrane bound organelles), what is its function?

A

Provide support and stabilize junctions between cells

43
Q

In microtubules, which is one of the 3 components to cytoskeleton (non membrane bound organelles), what’s it composed of?
Functions?

A

Composed of tubulin protein radiate from centrosome
Functions:
Fix organelles in place, maintain cell shape and rigidity, cel mobility, move chromesomes during cel division, cyclosis

44
Q

What is the centrosome and and centriole? (This is part of the nonmembrane bound organelles)

A

Two centrioles make up a centrosome.
The centriole is nine sets of microtubule triplets (which is part of the cytoskeleton)

45
Q

What is the Cilia and flagella? (Part of the nonmembrane bound organelles )

A

The cilia are on cells that move objects across their surface
Flagella: longer than cilia and used to propel(move forward) a cell

46
Q

What is the microvilli? (Part of the non membrane bound organelle)

A

Extends from plasma membrane and has no motion: but it does help with slowing movements of digested foods

47
Q

How to remember cell cycle
1 2 3 4

A

There’s one cell cycle
2 components: interphase and mitosis
Interphase has 3: G1 s and G2
Mitosis has 4; prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

48
Q

What is interphase? What occurs? What are the three stages?

A

-maintenance (resting) phase between cell division
- normal metabolic activities, prep for cell division, DNA synthesis, mitotic phase
G1 S and G2

49
Q

Explain the three stages in interphase.

A

G1: normal cell grow, replicate organelles, produce protein for replication, and centrioles prior to cell division
S: synthesize phase where dna replicated in prep for cell division
G2: centriole replication is complete
Other organelle productions continue
Enzymes (for cell division) are complete

50
Q

What happens in mitotic phase? What occurs?

A

Cell divides where 2 daughter cells are genetically identical to original mother cell.
Mitosis: division of the nucleus
Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm which occurs during telophase

51
Q

What are the e stages of mitosis

A

Prophase metaphase anaphase telophase

52
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Chromatin forms chromosomes
The duplicate sister chromatids are hooked in centromere
Elongated microtubules (spindle fibers) begin to grow from each centriole
The end-break up from nuclear envelope

53
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A
  • chromosomes line up on equatorial plate
  • spindle fibers attach to centromere of sister chromads and form mitotic spindle
54
Q

What happens in Ana phase?

A

Spindle fibers pull sister chroma da apart braking the centromere

55
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

The nuclear envelope reforms and each set of chromosomes
Chromosomes begin to uncool and spindle fibers disappear
Cleavage furrow appears and continue cytoplasmic division

56
Q

What is aging of the cell? What are 2 ways cells die?

A

Dying
1. Necrosis; abnormal/accelerated cell death
2. Apoptosis; programmed cel death

Biology 31 (19 decks)

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