Cell Processes

Question 1

Exosome

Answer 1

These are membrane bound extra-cellular vesicles that are produced in the endosomal compartment of most eukaryotic cells.

Question 2

Ossification

Answer 2

This term means bone formation

Question 3

Transcriptome

Answer 3

This is the sum total of all mRNA molecules produced from the genes of an organism.

Question 4

Autophagy

Answer 4

This is a process where the body consumes its own tissues when starvation and other diseases occur.

Question 5

Hetero-ribosylation

Answer 5

This is the ribosylation of histone proteins.

Question 6

Mechanotransduction

Answer 6

This is a method by which cells respond to mechanical stimuli by converting them to biochemical signals that give specific cellular responses.

Question 7

Senescence

Answer 7

This is a deterioration with age, when cells lose their power of division and growth.

Question 8

Microaneurysm

Answer 8

This is local disturbance in the diameter of the blood vessels of the retina.

Question 9

Hemorrhage

Answer 9

This is the escape of blood from a ruptured blood vessel especially when profuse.

Question 10

Edema

Answer 10

This is swelling that happens because there is too much fluid trapped in the body tissues.

Question 11

Polychromasia

Answer 11

This is a presentation of multi-colored red blood cells in a smear test; an indication that red blood cells being released prematurely from bone marrow during formation.

Question 12

BUN

Answer 12

Blood Urea Nitrogen levels

Question 13

Fibrosis

Answer 13

This is the thickening and scarring of connective tissue usually as a result of injury.

Question 14

Calvarial Bone

Answer 14

This is the convexity of the skull and encases the brain parenchyma.

Question 15

Parenchyma

Answer 15

This is the functional tissue of an organ as opposed to the supporting or connective tissue.

Question 16

Interfrontal Bone

Answer 16

This is a minor skeletal trait residing between the frontal bones.

Question 17

Zygomatic Bone

Answer 17

This is the bone that forms the prominent part of the cheek and the outer side of the eye socket.

Question 18

Maxillary Bone

Answer 18

This has the shape of a pyramid, its base adjacent to the nasal cavity, its apex being the zygomotic process and its body constituting the maxillary sinus.

Question 19

Maxillary Sinus

Answer 19

A type of paranasal sinus (a hollow space in the bones around the nose).

Question 20

Neurulation

Answer 20

This is when neural plates bend and fuse to form the hollow tube that will eventually differentiate to the brain and spinal cord of the CNS.

Question 21

Neural Crest

Answer 21

This is a collection of multipotent stem cells located at the side of the neural tube proximal to the epidermal layer after neurulation.

Question 22

SNP

Answer 22

This stands for single nucleotide polymorphism. There is variation of a single base pair in a DNA sequence.

Question 23

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Answer 23

This comprises of the brain and spinal cord.

Question 24

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Answer 24

This comprises of the nerves that emanate from the spinal cord and go to various tissues of the body.

Question 25

Mitophagy

Answer 25

Recycling of damaged mitochondria

Question 26

Subchondral Sclerosis

Answer 26

This is thickening of the bone that happens in joints affected by osteoarthritis

Question 27

Osteogenesis

Answer 27

This is the development of bone

Question 28

Innate Immunity

Answer 28

This is the first class of defence of the body against pathogens. It is non-specific

Question 29

Adaptive Immunity

Answer 29

This is a type of immunity that is built up as we are exposed to diseases or are vaccinated

Question 30

Laminopathy

Answer 30

These are when there are mutations in genes coding for nuclear lamins in the nucleus of cells