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Osteoarthritis > Animal Studies > Flashcards

Animal Studies Flashcards

1
Q

Isoflurane

A

This is an anesthetic drug used in mouse studies

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2
Q

Doxapram

A

This is a respiratory stimulant

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3
Q

Pulse Oximeter

A

This measures the level of oxygenated hemoglobin in the blood especially in the capillaries of fingers and ears.

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4
Q

Hypoxia

A

Deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues.

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5
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Higher than normal levels of potassium in the blood.

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6
Q

Porphyrin Staining

A

These are iron related stains that darken in the presence of sunlight.

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7
Q

Pilioerection

A

Erection or bristling of hair.

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8
Q

Laparotomy

A

This is a surgical incision in the abdomen.

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9
Q

Hybridoma Technology

A

This is a process for making a large number of identical antibodies.

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10
Q

Pristane

A

This is a natural terpenoid alkane obtained primarily from shark liver oil

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11
Q

Peritoneum

A

This is a membrane that lines the inside of the abdomen and pelvis.

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12
Q

Ascites Fluid

A

This is a condition where fluid collects in the spaces of the abdomen.

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13
Q

Cachexia

A

This is a wasting syndrome that leads to loss of skeletal muscle and fat.

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14
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficulty breathing

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15
Q

Terpenoid

A

These are a large class of organic chemicals derived from the 5 carbon compound isoprene.

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16
Q

Barbiturates

A

These are a class of depressant drugs.

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17
Q

AVMA

A

American Veterniary Medical Association

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18
Q

Ether

A

This is a compound that has a high solubility in blood.

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19
Q

Hypoxemia

A

This is when oxygen levels are lower than normal in the blood.

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20
Q

Genetic Drift

A

This is the variation in relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population.

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21
Q

Inguinal Canal

A

This is a passage in the lower anterior abdominal wall located just above the linguinal ligament.

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22
Q

Copraphagy

A

This is when animals eat their own feces.

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23
Q

Allergen Response

A

This is when a food allergen has the ability to elicit an IgE response and then on subsequent exposures elicit a clinical response to the same protein.

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24
Q

Arenavirus

A

These are viruses shed into the environment in saliva, urine or droppings of infected rodent hosts.

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25
Q

Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus

A

This is a form or arenavirus

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26
Q

Leptospira

A

These are bacteria that are shed in the urine.

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27
Q

Salmonella

A

These are bacteria that are transmitted by the fecal-oral route.

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28
Q

Tricophyton

A

These are dermatophytic fungi that grow on skin and hair follicles and cause reddened skin and patchy hair loss known as ringworm. Dermatophytes are transmitted by direct contact.

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29
Q

Sporothrix Schenckii

A

These are fungi associated with multiple species including rats.

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30
Q

Hymenolepsis nana

A

This is a common tapeworm transmissible to humans.

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31
Q

Ad libitum feeding

A

This is when food is always available.

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32
Q

Hyperventilate

A

Breathe in an abnormally rapid rate.

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33
Q

Lordosis

A

A posture employed by some female mammals while mating when their back is arched down.

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34
Q

Gestation

A

The process of developing inside the womb, in the stages between conception and birth,

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35
Q

0.1% methylene blue

A

This is a stain to visualize the cell nuclei.

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36
Q

Postpartum estrus

A

This is when ovulation and corpus luteum forms soon after birth.

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37
Q

Parturition

A

This means child birth

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38
Q

Chlorhexidine

A

This is a disinfectant

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39
Q

Venipuncture

A

Puncture of the vein in order to draw blood.

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40
Q

Saphenous Vein

A

These are blood vessels in the leg and feet that send blood back to the heart.

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41
Q

Jugular Vein

A

These are large veins in the neck that carry blood from the face and head.

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42
Q

Retro-orbital plexus

A

These are a system of dilated venous channels at the back of the orbit (eye).

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43
Q

Hemostasis

A

Stopping the flow of blood.

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44
Q

Proparacaine or Tetracaine Hydrochloride

A

These are eye drops used to numb the eye before surgery.

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45
Q

Ventral Tail Artery

A

This is the main artery of the tail running in a groove formed by the incomplete haemal arches of the of the caudal vertebrae.

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46
Q

Dorsal recumbency

A

This means lying on its back.

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47
Q

Ventral recumbency

A

This means lying on its abdomen.

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48
Q

Hematoma

A

This is a solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissues.

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49
Q

Thorax

A

The area of the body between the neck and the abdomen.

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50
Q

Sternum

A

This is the breastbone.

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51
Q

Lateral recumbency

A

This means lying on its side.

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52
Q

Sciatic Nerve

A

These are nerves that run through the lower back, down the hips and buttocks and into the legs

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53
Q

Aspiration Pneumonia

A

This is when food or liquid is breathed into the airways or lungs.

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54
Q

Ketamine/ xylazine

A

These are injectable aneshetic drugs.

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55
Q

Pentobarbital

A

This is an injectable anesthetic drug.

56
Q

Halothane

A

This is an inhalant anesthetic drug.

57
Q

Sevoflurane

A

This is an inhalant anesthetic drug.

58
Q

Intubation

A

This is the insertion of a tube into an animal’s body especially in the form of an artificial ventilation tube into the trachea.

59
Q

Otoscope

A

An instrument designed for the visual examination of the eardrum and the passage of the outer ear, typically having a light and a set of lenses.

60
Q

Speculum

A

This is a metal or plastic instrument that is used to dilate an orifice or canal in the body to allow inspection.

61
Q

Lidocaine

A

This is a synthetic compound used as a local anesthetic.

62
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

This is a condition where the blood sugar level is lower than the standard range.

63
Q

Ringer’s Solution

A

This is an isotonic solution of electrolytes, the concentration of which matches that of plasma.

64
Q

Betadine Solution

A

This is an antiseptic non-sterile aqueous solution used for rodent pre-operative preparation

65
Q

Hot Bead Sterilizer

A

This is a compact unit that can quickly and easily sterilize surgical instruments.

66
Q

Quarternary Ammonium Compounds

A

These are types of chemicals used to kill viruses, bacteria and mold.

67
Q

Phenolic

A

This is one of the main classes of plant phenolic compounds.

68
Q

Circulating Water Heating Pad

A

This is a flexible pad containing a series of channels through which water is circulated by means of an electrical pumping mechanism.

69
Q

Electrocautery

A

This is the cauterization of tissue using electrical current to generate heat.

70
Q

Thumb forceps

A

There are four kinds: Ewald, Russian, Adson-Brown, Adson-Hudson.

71
Q

Hemostatic forceps

A

These are used to clamp onto tissue to stop blood flow of a severed blood vessel.

72
Q

Rochester Carmalt forceps

A

These forceps have crushing jaws with longitudinal grooves and cross grooves at the tip.

73
Q

Backhaus Towel forceps

A

These are used for clamping towels around wounds.

74
Q

Mosquito forceps

A

These are used in a small surgical field for holding delicate tissues.

75
Q

Dressing forceps

A

These forceps have a smoothly serrated with low ridges and can only be used for handling tissues lightly.

76
Q

Allis forceps

A

These have serrated jaws and the teeth curve towards the inside of the blade.

77
Q

Needle Holders

A

These hold needles to suture wounds closed. These have blunt tips and are in different sizes according to the size of the needle to be used.

78
Q

Scissors

A

These are of three types: sharp-sharp, sharp-blunt and blunt-blunt.

79
Q

Electroscalpel

A

These minimize bleeding by using electric current for coagulation.

80
Q

Laser scalpel

A

These are used to make fine small cuts with a laser beam.

81
Q

Retractor

A

This aids in exposing the surgical site by pulling away the overlying tissue. These can be hand-held or self-retaining.

82
Q

Sterilization

A

This is the complete destruction of all micro-organisms in or about an object.

83
Q

Disinfection

A

This is the destruction of pathogenic micro-organisms with the exception of bacterial spores.

84
Q

High Level Disinfectant

A

These are liquid agents whose efficacy is between sterilant and general disinfectant.

85
Q

Primary means of sterilization

A

These are 1) Physical (heat or steam) 2) Chemical (sterilant chemicals in gas form).

86
Q

Ethylene Oxide Sterilizer

A

This uses a sterilant chemical as means of sterilization.

87
Q

Autoclave sterilization

A

This is when sterilization is done at 121 deg C for 15 mins or 131 deg C for 3 mins.

88
Q

Hot Bead Sterilizer

A

These are when glass beads are heated to 240 deg C and 270 deg C to sterilize metal surgical instruments. Instruments are left in the unit for just 10-20 seconds.

89
Q

Dry Heat Sterilizer

A

These use hot air as a sterilant. The items cannot be stored. These are used for heat-stable, moisture sensitive, steam-impermeable medical devices and products.

90
Q

Cold Sterilization

A

These use ethylene oxide, hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid as means of sterilization.

91
Q

Gas Sterilizer

A

These are items that sensitive to moisture and to heat.

92
Q

Endoscope

A

This is an instrument that can be introduced into the body to give a view of its internal parts.

93
Q

Analgesics

A

These are of two kinds: opioids and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

94
Q

Pneumonitis

A

This is the inflammation of the lungs.

95
Q

Sterile Drapes

A

There are three kinds: stockinette, plastic adhesive, paper drape.

96
Q

Stockinette

A

This is a tubular stretchy material like a sock.

97
Q

Plastic Adhesive Drape

A

This drape is applied to surgical field just prior to surgery.

98
Q

Paper Drapes

A

These are autoclavable.

99
Q

Suturing

A

This is the anatomically correct way of closing tissue layers which were severed during approach to the site of interest.

100
Q

Dehiscence

A

A failed suture causing gaps in the wound margins.

101
Q

Herniation

A

To protrude through an abnormal body opening.

102
Q

Tapered Needle

A

This is used for internal incisions. This has a sharp point and flattened body. This needle should not be used to close skin.

103
Q

Cutting Edge Needle

A

This is used for external incisions. This can be used to close tears in skin. There is also a reverse cutting edge needle.

104
Q

Swaged Needle

A

This needle has an eye with a thinner diameter, so less force is required to pull the needle and less trauma is registered on the tissues. Thus these needles are termed atraumatic.

105
Q

Simple interrupted suture pattern

A

Used to suture internal body tissues

106
Q

Simple continuous suture pattern

A

Used to suture peripheral or skin tissues.

107
Q

Staples

A

These need to be sterilized. The wound usually heals in 10-14 days and then the staples need to be removed.

108
Q

Wound Clips

A

These are another way to close wounds but they are not as effective as staples. They have to be sterilized as well. The wound usually heals in 10-14 days and then the clips need to be removed.

109
Q

Tissue Adhesives

A

This is a glue that can be used to close wounds but care must be taken not to bathe the wound.

110
Q

Yohimbine

A

This is an anesthetic/ sedative antagonist

111
Q

Atipamezole

A

This is an anesthetic/ sedative antagonist.

112
Q

Xylazine

A

This is an anesthetic drug.

113
Q

Medetomidine

A

This is an anesthetic drug.

114
Q

Mouse Hepatitis Virus

A

This is a clinical disease in mouse following stress or immune suppression.

115
Q

Atropine

A

Treatment given before anesthetics

116
Q

Phenothiazine Tranquilizers

A

Treatment given before anesthetics.

117
Q

Sevoflurane

A

This is an inhalant anesthetic drug that is more expensive that isolflurane.

118
Q

Desflurane

A

This is a newer inhalant anesthetic drug that is the least soluble in blood amongst all the anesthetic drugs. It is sold under the trade name Suprane.

119
Q

Enflurane

A

This is sold under the name Ethrane. It is not arrhythmogenic and resisted metabolism. Its use in veterinary medicine is limited because it causes respiratory depression.

120
Q

Partition Coefficient

A

This is a measurement of relative solubility of gas in blood.

121
Q

Tidal Volume

A

This is the inhaled and exhaled air per minute.

122
Q

Minute Volume

A

This is the volume of air moved per minute.

123
Q

Precision Vaporizer

A

This is a unit that transforms liquid anesthetic to gas and delivers it in a precise manner.

124
Q

Funnel Fill System (Type of Vaporizer)

A

The fill cap is unscrewed and the liquid anesthetic is poured in. There is an anti-spill top on the anesthetic bottle that can that can eliminate dripping and reduce user exposure of the anesthetic gas.

125
Q

Pin Index Fill System (Type of Vaporizer)

A

There is a presence of a device on top of a bottle on the vaporizer. There are no spills in this system.

126
Q

MAC

A

This is Minimum Alveolar Concentration and is the percentage point for a specific stimulus.

127
Q

A Breathing Circuit

A

This is a portion of the system that is attached to the patient’s airways by means of an endotracheal tube or face mask.

128
Q

Face Mask

A

This connects the animal to the breathing circuit.

129
Q

Nonbreathing Circuits

A

These are of three types: Ayres T-Piece, Norman Mask Elbow and Bain Breathing Elbow.

130
Q

Active Evacuation System

A

This uses the negative pressure (vacuum or suction) to draw off the waste gas. The negative pressure is applied to waste gas only. This is the standard system in hospital surgery units.

131
Q

Evacuation Interface Device

A

This allows waste gas to flow passively into the device.

132
Q

Passive Evacuation System

A

This uses the positive pressure of the gas stored in the cylinder to carry the waste gas away.

133
Q

Righting Reflex

A

This is the animal’s natural correction of its body posture to its upright position.

134
Q

C57/BL6 Mice

A

These mice develop knee OA in 17 months

135
Q

STR/ort Mice

A

It takes 12-20 weeks for these mice to develop articular cartilage destruction

Osteoarthritis (10 decks)

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