Cell Injury & Adaptation I, II Flashcards
Which three permanent tissues undergo hypertrophy only?
- Skeletal muscle
- Cardiac muscle
- Nervous tissue
Arnold’s skeletal muscle cells are an example of ________.
Hypertrophy - caused by high work demand, more trophic stimulation, and more nutrient supply.
What are 3 general features of hypertrophic cells?
- Open chromatin and larger nuclei
- Greater cytoplasmic volume
- Greater specialization
Decrease in cell number occurs via:
A. Ubiquitin-proteosome degradation (of the cytoskeleton)
B. Apoptosis
C. Autophagy of cellular components
B (mechanisms A and C cause a decrease in cell size)
The central role of mTOR protein kinase complexes is:
Regulation of atrophy
What are three general features of Atrophic cells?
- Condensed chromatin
- Less cytoplasmic volume
- Loss of specialization
Is less trophic stimulation generally correlated with atrophy or hypertrophy?
Atrophy
Metaplasia (a change in cell type) most commonly involves a change of what type of cell?
Surface epithelium (squamous, columnar, or urothelial)
What is the mechanism behind Barrett espophagus?
Squamous epithelial cells of the esophagus change to columnar epithelial cells due to acid.
The attached image is an example of which gastrointestinal condition?
Barrett esophagus
What process is occurring here?
Squamous metaplasia of the endocervix; cells transitioning
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, a precursor to cervical cancer, is an example of:
A. Metaplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Dysplasia
D. Aplasia
E. Hypoplasia
C
Which of the following morphologic cell findings is an indicator of reversible injury?
A. Myelin figures
B. Chromatin clumping
C. Chromatin fragmentation
D. Disappearance of stable nuclei
E. Karyolysis
A - the other options - chromatin clumping (pyknosis), chromatin fragmentation (karyotrehexis), chromatin fading (karyolysis), and disappearance of nucleoi, are characteristic of irreversible injury and nuclear change!
Ischemic cell injury is due primarily to what?
A failure to generate sufficient energy (ATP) for cell functions
What determines the reversibility of ischemia damage?
the extent of excessive Calcium entry into the cytoplasm
Which is an initial activating caspase?
A. Caspase-9
B. Caspase-3
C. Caspase-6
A
Which is a terminal (execution) caspase?
A. Caspase-9
B. Caspase-8
C. Caspase-6
D. Caspase 10
C
What is shown here?
An apoptotic body - membrane encased structure containing cytoplasm, densely-packed organelles and occasionally fragments of nuclei
On histologic examination, caseous necrosis has what appearance?
Amorphous eosinophilic appearance
Which describes necrosis?
A. Active form of cell death
B. Involves small clusters of cells, or single cells
C. Involves chromatin condensation and fragmentation
D. DNA fragmentation is haphazard rather than regular
E. No inflammatory reaction
D
What process is shown here?
Necrosis (coagulative) in the liver - cells and their organelles swell and rupture
Which type of necrosis is often associated with the lower extremities or bowel?
Gangrenous necrosis - note that this is also secondary to vascular occlusion
What is shown here, and in what organ is this image located?
Lipfuscin - seen in hepatocytes (shown) and tissues with little to no cell turnover
In acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis, fatty acids are liberated by what mechanism associated with enzymatic fat necrosis?
Saponification - fatty acid liberation by digestion of fat from calcium salts.
Hypertensive heart disease causes symptoms in the left ventricle of the heart via increased workload from increased ventricular pressure. The increase in size of individual muscle cells is described as:
A. Aplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
C
In hemochromatosis, is there increased or decreased melanin pigmentation in the skin?
Increased - this is part of the “bronze diabetes” triad - micronodular cirrohosis, diabetes mellitus, and skin pigmentation
Which type of calcification is caused by hypercalcemia?
Metastatic calcification - in dystrophic calcification, the serum calcium concentration is normal becasue previously damaged tissues are the sties of deposition
What is featured here?
Hepatic steatosis - a fatty change that is a feature of cell injury, especially in the liver.
Which part of this image is abnormal, and what condition is featured?
bottom of image features coagulative necrosis of myocardial tissue; also referred to as infarction
Angina pectoris is;
A. caused by increased blood flow to the heart muscle
B. Brought on by exertion
C. Typically referred to as ‘unstable angina’
D. Usually uncorrelated with atherosclerosis
B - aka “stable” angina
What is being shown here?
a renal tubular hydropic change - meaning the the vesicular compartments of the kidney cell are swollen due to ionic imbalances due to loss of ATP
What is being shown in these sections from the liver?
a hyaline change (a.k.a. Mallory’s Hyaline) - intermediate filament keratin-rich inclusions in hepatocytes - typically seen with chronic alcohol abuse
