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biology unit 3 > cell biology > Flashcards

cell biology Flashcards

0
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digest food particles, bacteria, worn out organelles , viruses .

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1
Q

Nucleolus

A

Makes ribosomes

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2
Q

Prokaryotic cells have

A 
Plasma membrane 
Cell wall
Ribosomes
Single chromosome
Sometimes cilia, flagella
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3
Q

What kind of DNA do prokaryotes have ?

A 
Single 
Circular 
Double stranded 
Free in cytoplasm 
Nucleotide region
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4
Q

Cell theory

A

All organisms are composed of cells
Cells are the most basic unit of life
All cells come from pre existing cells

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5
Q

What is the inside of a cell called

A

Intracellular environment

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6
Q

Outside of a cell

A

Extracellular environment

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7
Q

Synthesis occurring at the nucleus

A

DNA is used as a template to form mRNA .
mRNA carries a copy of instructions to ribosomes for protein production .

rRNA comes from nucleolus

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8
Q

What are ribosomes created from?

A

rRNA and proteins

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9
Q

Functions of cells

A 
Receive signals 
Remove wastes
Export products
Control, regulate chemical reactions
Grow 
Reproduce
Take in substances 
Produce energy to drive chemical reactions
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10
Q

In Organelles how do reactions happen?

A

Ensure reactants collide at optimum rates
Different reactions can occur simultaneously
Folded membranes increase the space and surface area on which reactions can occur.

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11
Q

Protoplasm composition

A

70%water

30% proteins, carbs, fats

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12
Q

What is protoplasm

A

Cell surface membrane+cytoplasm+ nucleus

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13
Q

Plasma membrane

A 
Surrounds cytoplasm 
Partially permeable 
Recognition 
Adhesion 
Communication
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14
Q

Cytoplasm

A 
Between nucleus and cell membrane 
Part of protoplasm 
Contains enzymes, organelles
Chemical reactions occur there 
Could be in a sol(liquid) or solid(semisolid ) state
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15
Q

Nucleus

A

Only in eukaryotes
Has a nuclear envelope
Nucleolus and chromatin is contained

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16
Q

Functions of nucleus

A

Cell division
Cell control
(Growth and repair )

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17
Q

Chromatin

A

Network of thread like structures
Cell division control
Composed of DNA and proteins
Becomes chromosomes during cell division

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18
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

Double
Control
Pores that regulate RNA movement in and out of the cell

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19
Q

why is virus not a cell?

A

can be purified or crystallized like chemicals because of their uniform shape and size.

metabolically inert

do not have organelles

need a living cell for propagation( for multiplying, reproducing, use host ribosomes to produce viral proteins etc.

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20
Q

what is the benefit of the compartmentalisation of cells in organisms?

A

enzymes and reactants could be localized; the PH could be easily maintained and therefore more efficient metabolism could occur.

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21
Q

names for the fluid that surrounds cell( these fluids must be kept constant)

A

intercellular
interstitial
extracellular
tissue fluid

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22
Q

necrosis

A

cell death caused by mechanical or chemical trauma.

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23
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death due to normal process or when cell loses its normal control over the cell`

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24
Cell wall
Surrounds all cells except animals and protist cells Permeable Provides structural support Prevents expansion of cell
25
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
A network of intracellular membranes that are not attached to ribosomes Transport proteins from rough ER to Golgi Synthesis of lipids
26
Cytoplasm
Contents of the cell except nucleus in eukaryotes and nucleoid in prokaryotes Contains water, salt, enzymes , food molecules
27
Plant cell
``` Eukaryotic Cellulose Cell wall Large permanent vacuole Plastids maybe Starch granules maybe ```
28
Eukaryotes
Membrane bound organelles Ribosomes, cytoplasm , cell membrane Multiple linear DNA Relatively large ( 30-150micrometers)
29
Three different mechanisms of apoptosis
Mitochondrial pathway Death receptor pathway Dangerous reactive oxygen species
30
How does apoptosis by mitochondrial pathway work?
When damage occurs to the cell - DNA damage, malfunction of oxidative enzymes... Related proteins punch holes in the outer mitochondrial surface Cytochrome c leaks out Cytochrome c binds to a protein This protein joins other to form apoptosomes Apoptosomes activate Caspase Caspase leads to digestion of proteins, degradation of chromosomal DNA, phagocytosis of cell. Apop
31
Mitochondrial pathway... | Damage occurs
Dna damage | Malfunction of oxidative enzyme s
32
Mitochondrial pathway... | If internal damage occurs
Proteins punch holes in mitochondrial surface
33
Mitochondrial pathway.. | Holes in the mitochondria
Cytochrome c leaks out
34
Mitochondrial pathway... | Cytochrome c leaks out
Cytochrome c binds to proteins
35
Mitochondrial pathway... | Cytochrome c binds to a specific protein
Aggregate to form apoptosomes
36
Mitochondrial pathway.... | Apoptosomes are formed..
Apoptosomes binds to and activate Caspase.
37
Mitochondrial pathway... | Caspase is formed
Caspase leads to - digestion of structural proteins - degradation of DNA - phagocytosis of cell
38
Death receptor pathway
Receptors are exposed outside cell Death receptor is bound to a signal Caspase is activated
39
What happens when Caspase is activated ?
``` Cell membrane shrinks Bubble like blebs are developed Chromatin , nucleus, DNA degraded Phagocytosis of cell T cells bind to the cell ```
40
Cancer
``` Too little apoptosis Uncontrollable increase in cell number Tumour is caused Tumour grows and invades healthy tissues Malignant ```
41
Smallest to largest | cells, viruses, bacteria, organelles,cell membrane, molecules
``` Molecules Cell membrane Virus Bacteria Organelles Cells ```
42
How many micrometers are equalled to 1 mm.
1ooo
43
How many nano particles equal to 1 micrometer ?
1000
44
Density gradient centrifugation
Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondria Nucleus
45
Cell membrane (plants, animals,bacteria)
Yes for all three
46
Cell wall (b/p/a)
P-yes B-often A- no
47
Structures for mobility (p/b/a)
P- could be A- could be B- could be
48
Nucleic acid (p/b/a)
B- non interrupted DNA , RNA, 1 P- DNA with histone protein. Introns in between exons. , double linear chromosomes A- DNA with histone proteins, introns between exons, double linear chromosomes
49
Nucleus -(p/a/b)
P-yes A- yes B- no
50
Ribosome (p/a/b)
A-yea P- yes B- yes
51
Membrane Bound structures
P- yes A- yes B- no
52
Mitochondria(p/a/b)
B- absent. Mesons ones for ATP production A- yes P- yes
53
ER (p/a/b)
P- yes A- yes B- no
54
Golgi body (p/a/b)
P- yes A- yes B- no
55
Chloroplast
P-yes A- sometimes B- no (cyano bacteria have chlorophyll)
56
Lysosomes (p/a/b)
P-no A- yes B- no
57
Plastids (p/a/b)
P- yes A- no B- no
58
Light microscope
Has lenses that magnify object up to 400 times
59
Electron microscope
Uses a beam of electrons to magnify objects up to 500,000 times
60
Similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes DNA (Same kind, same type of genes)
61
Why do prokaryotes don't have nucleus whereas eukaryotes do ?
The nucleus's purpose is to provide a contained area of DNA related functions to occur so that the efficiency of these functions could be increased. This is unnecessary for prokaryotes due to them having a smaller area to eukaryotes and materials are relatively clod to each other.
62
What is a difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes DNA
E- linear | P- circular
63
Histone proteins are found in eukaryotes or prokaryotes ?
Eukaryotes
64
What is the difference in ribosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Eukaryotes - larger, more complex, more variety. (So more proteins) Prokaryotes- simpler
65
Location of DNA in pros and Euks
Pro- cytoplasm | Euks- mitochondria , nucleus , chloroplast
66
Presence of plasmids
Pro- yes | Euk- no
67
What are plasmids
Circular rings of DNA
68
Size of prokaryotes and Euks
Pros - less than 2 micrometers | Euks- 10-100 micrometers
69
Differences between plant and animals cells
P- large permanent vacuole A- small temporary vacuole P- may have plastids A - no plastids P- cell wall A-no cell wall P- no lysosomes or centrioles A- lysosomes and centriole
70
Purines what are they
Double ring structures | Guanine and adenine
71
Pyramidines
Single ring structure | Cytosine and thymine
72
Polymerisation
Process of reacting molecules to form polymer chains
73
RNA types
mRNA tRNA rRNA
74
mRNA
Carries messages from nucleus to ribosomes in cytoplasm
75
tRNA
Specific amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis
76
rRNA
Joins together with proteins to form ribosomes.
77
The chemicals that make up nucleic acids
CHOPN

biology unit 3 (13 decks)

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