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biology unit 3 > cell biology > Flashcards

cell biology Flashcards

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0
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digest food particles, bacteria, worn out organelles , viruses .

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1
Q

Nucleolus

A

Makes ribosomes

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2
Q

Prokaryotic cells have

A 
Plasma membrane 
Cell wall
Ribosomes
Single chromosome
Sometimes cilia, flagella
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3
Q

What kind of DNA do prokaryotes have ?

A 
Single 
Circular 
Double stranded 
Free in cytoplasm 
Nucleotide region
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4
Q

Cell theory

A

All organisms are composed of cells
Cells are the most basic unit of life
All cells come from pre existing cells

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5
Q

What is the inside of a cell called

A

Intracellular environment

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6
Q

Outside of a cell

A

Extracellular environment

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7
Q

Synthesis occurring at the nucleus

A

DNA is used as a template to form mRNA .
mRNA carries a copy of instructions to ribosomes for protein production .

rRNA comes from nucleolus

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8
Q

What are ribosomes created from?

A

rRNA and proteins

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9
Q

Functions of cells

A 
Receive signals 
Remove wastes
Export products
Control, regulate chemical reactions
Grow 
Reproduce
Take in substances 
Produce energy to drive chemical reactions
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10
Q

In Organelles how do reactions happen?

A

Ensure reactants collide at optimum rates
Different reactions can occur simultaneously
Folded membranes increase the space and surface area on which reactions can occur.

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11
Q

Protoplasm composition

A

70%water

30% proteins, carbs, fats

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12
Q

What is protoplasm

A

Cell surface membrane+cytoplasm+ nucleus

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13
Q

Plasma membrane

A 
Surrounds cytoplasm 
Partially permeable 
Recognition 
Adhesion 
Communication
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14
Q

Cytoplasm

A 
Between nucleus and cell membrane 
Part of protoplasm 
Contains enzymes, organelles
Chemical reactions occur there 
Could be in a sol(liquid) or solid(semisolid ) state
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15
Q

Nucleus

A

Only in eukaryotes
Has a nuclear envelope
Nucleolus and chromatin is contained

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16
Q

Functions of nucleus

A

Cell division
Cell control
(Growth and repair )

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17
Q

Chromatin

A

Network of thread like structures
Cell division control
Composed of DNA and proteins
Becomes chromosomes during cell division

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18
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

Double
Control
Pores that regulate RNA movement in and out of the cell

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19
Q

why is virus not a cell?

A

can be purified or crystallized like chemicals because of their uniform shape and size.

metabolically inert

do not have organelles

need a living cell for propagation( for multiplying, reproducing, use host ribosomes to produce viral proteins etc.

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20
Q

what is the benefit of the compartmentalisation of cells in organisms?

A

enzymes and reactants could be localized; the PH could be easily maintained and therefore more efficient metabolism could occur.

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21
Q

names for the fluid that surrounds cell( these fluids must be kept constant)

A

intercellular
interstitial
extracellular
tissue fluid

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22
Q

necrosis

A

cell death caused by mechanical or chemical trauma.

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23
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death due to normal process or when cell loses its normal control over the cell`

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24
Q

Cell wall

A

Surrounds all cells except animals and protist cells
Permeable
Provides structural support
Prevents expansion of cell

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25
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

A network of intracellular membranes that are not attached to ribosomes
Transport proteins from rough ER to Golgi
Synthesis of lipids

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26
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Contents of the cell except nucleus in eukaryotes and nucleoid in prokaryotes

Contains water, salt, enzymes , food molecules

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27
Q

Plant cell

A 
Eukaryotic 
Cellulose Cell wall 
Large permanent vacuole 
Plastids maybe 
Starch granules maybe
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28
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Membrane bound organelles
Ribosomes, cytoplasm , cell membrane
Multiple linear DNA
Relatively large ( 30-150micrometers)

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29
Q

Three different mechanisms of apoptosis

A

Mitochondrial pathway
Death receptor pathway
Dangerous reactive oxygen species

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30
Q

How does apoptosis by mitochondrial pathway work?

A

When damage occurs to the cell - DNA damage, malfunction of oxidative enzymes…
Related proteins punch holes in the outer mitochondrial surface
Cytochrome c leaks out
Cytochrome c binds to a protein
This protein joins other to form apoptosomes
Apoptosomes activate Caspase
Caspase leads to digestion of proteins, degradation of chromosomal DNA, phagocytosis of cell.
Apop

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31
Q

Mitochondrial pathway…

Damage occurs

A

Dna damage

Malfunction of oxidative enzyme s

32
Q

Mitochondrial pathway…

If internal damage occurs

A

Proteins punch holes in mitochondrial surface

33
Q

Mitochondrial pathway..

Holes in the mitochondria

A

Cytochrome c leaks out

34
Q

Mitochondrial pathway…

Cytochrome c leaks out

A

Cytochrome c binds to proteins

35
Q

Mitochondrial pathway…

Cytochrome c binds to a specific protein

A

Aggregate to form apoptosomes

36
Q

Mitochondrial pathway….

Apoptosomes are formed..

A

Apoptosomes binds to and activate Caspase.

37
Q

Mitochondrial pathway…

Caspase is formed

A

Caspase leads to

  • digestion of structural proteins
  • degradation of DNA
  • phagocytosis of cell
38
Q

Death receptor pathway

A

Receptors are exposed outside cell
Death receptor is bound to a signal
Caspase is activated

39
Q

What happens when Caspase is activated ?

A 
Cell membrane shrinks 
Bubble like blebs are developed
Chromatin , nucleus, DNA degraded 
Phagocytosis of cell 
T cells bind to the cell
40
Q

Cancer

A 
Too little apoptosis 
Uncontrollable increase in cell number 
Tumour is caused 
Tumour grows and invades healthy tissues 
Malignant
41
Q

Smallest to largest

cells, viruses, bacteria, organelles,cell membrane, molecules

A 
Molecules
Cell membrane
Virus
Bacteria
Organelles 
Cells
42
Q

How many micrometers are equalled to 1 mm.

A

1ooo

43
Q

How many nano particles equal to 1 micrometer ?

A

1000

44
Q

Density gradient centrifugation

A

Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria
Nucleus

45
Q

Cell membrane (plants, animals,bacteria)

A

Yes for all three

46
Q

Cell wall (b/p/a)

A

P-yes
B-often
A- no

47
Q

Structures for mobility (p/b/a)

A

P- could be
A- could be
B- could be

48
Q

Nucleic acid (p/b/a)

A

B- non interrupted DNA , RNA, 1
P- DNA with histone protein. Introns in between exons. , double linear chromosomes
A- DNA with histone proteins, introns between exons, double linear chromosomes

49
Q

Nucleus -(p/a/b)

A

P-yes
A- yes
B- no

50
Q

Ribosome (p/a/b)

A

A-yea
P- yes
B- yes

51
Q

Membrane Bound structures

A

P- yes
A- yes
B- no

52
Q

Mitochondria(p/a/b)

A

B- absent. Mesons ones for ATP production

A- yes
P- yes

53
Q

ER (p/a/b)

A

P- yes
A- yes
B- no

54
Q

Golgi body (p/a/b)

A

P- yes
A- yes
B- no

55
Q

Chloroplast

A

P-yes
A- sometimes
B- no (cyano bacteria have chlorophyll)

56
Q

Lysosomes (p/a/b)

A

P-no
A- yes
B- no

57
Q

Plastids (p/a/b)

A

P- yes
A- no
B- no

58
Q

Light microscope

A

Has lenses that magnify object up to 400 times

59
Q

Electron microscope

A

Uses a beam of electrons to magnify objects up to 500,000 times

60
Q

Similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
DNA (Same kind, same type of genes)

61
Q

Why do prokaryotes don’t have nucleus whereas eukaryotes do ?

A

The nucleus’s purpose is to provide a contained area of DNA related functions to occur so that the efficiency of these functions could be increased.

This is unnecessary for prokaryotes due to them having a smaller area to eukaryotes and materials are relatively clod to each other.

62
Q

What is a difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes DNA

A

E- linear

P- circular

63
Q

Histone proteins are found in eukaryotes or prokaryotes ?

A

Eukaryotes

64
Q

What is the difference in ribosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes - larger, more complex, more variety. (So more proteins)

Prokaryotes- simpler

65
Q

Location of DNA in pros and Euks

A

Pro- cytoplasm

Euks- mitochondria , nucleus , chloroplast

66
Q

Presence of plasmids

A

Pro- yes

Euk- no

67
Q

What are plasmids

A

Circular rings of DNA

68
Q

Size of prokaryotes and Euks

A

Pros - less than 2 micrometers

Euks- 10-100 micrometers

69
Q

Differences between plant and animals cells

A

P- large permanent vacuole
A- small temporary vacuole

P- may have plastids
A - no plastids

P- cell wall
A-no cell wall

P- no lysosomes or centrioles
A- lysosomes and centriole

70
Q

Purines what are they

A

Double ring structures

Guanine and adenine

71
Q

Pyramidines

A

Single ring structure

Cytosine and thymine

72
Q

Polymerisation

A

Process of reacting molecules to form polymer chains

73
Q

RNA types

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

74
Q

mRNA

A

Carries messages from nucleus to ribosomes in cytoplasm

75
Q

tRNA

A

Specific amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis

76
Q

rRNA

A

Joins together with proteins to form ribosomes.

77
Q

The chemicals that make up nucleic acids

A

CHOPN

biology unit 3 (13 decks)

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