Cell Bio: Intro Flashcards
A cell lacking a nucleus and most other organelles
Prokaryotic cell
Where is a prokaryotic cell only found?
Bacteria
What a prokaryotic cell may or may not have
A cell wall outside of the plasma membrane
Does a prokaryotic cell have a nuclear envelope?
No
What does a nuclear envelope do?
Separates the genetic material from the remainder of the cell
A cell containing a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes
Eukaryotic cell
Common functions of all cells
- Protein synthesis
- Movement of material in and out of the cell
- Cellular metabolism
Many of the common functions of cells are the responsibility of distinct structural regions of the cell
Organelle
Cells are also _____ and will perform one or more specific activities with a great deal of efficiency
Specialized
What do muscle cells specialized do
Contract
What is the process that a cell must go through in order the cell to become specialized?
Differentiation
What are the 2 basic parts that make up a cell?
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
What separates the cytoplasm from its environment?
Plasma membrane/envelope
What separates the nucleus from the remainder of the cell?
Nuclear membrane/envelope
Plasma membrane composition
Lipid bilayer containing:
- Phospholipids
- Steroids
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
Plasma membrane functions
- Protection
- Isolation
- Sensitivity
- Support
- Controls entry/exit of materials in the cell
Cytosol composition
Fluid component of cytoplasm
Cytosol functions
Distributes materials by diffusion
Composition of cytoskeleton, microtubules, and microfilaments
Proteins organized in fine filaments or slender tubes
Functions of cytoskeleton, microtubules, and microfilaments
- Strength/support
- Movement of cellular structures and material
Microvilli composition
Membrane extensions containing microfilaments
Microvilli functions
- Increases surface area
- Facilitates absorption of extracellular material
Centriole composition
- Cytoplasm which contains two centrioles at right angles
- 9 microtubule triplets in a 9+0 array
Centriole functions
- Movement of chromosomes during cell division
- Organization of microtubules in cytoskeleton
Cilia composition
Membrane extensions which contain microtubule doublets in a 9+2 array
Cilia functions
Moves materials over the cell surface
Ribosome composition
RNA + proteins
What are fixed ribosomes bound to?
Rough ER
What are free ribosomes bound to?
Smooth ER
Ribosome functions
Protein synthesis
Proteasome composition
Hollow cylinders of proteolytic enzymes w/ regulatory proteins at ends
Proteasome functions
Breakdown and recycling of damaged/abnormal intracellular proteins
Mitochondria composition
- Double membrane
- Inner membrane fold encloses important metabolic enzymes
Inner membrane fold of the mitochondria
Cristae
Mitochondria functions
Produces 95% of the ATP required by the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum composition
- Network of membranous channels
- Extends throughout the cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum functions
- Synthesis of secretory products
- Intracellular storage and support
Type of endoplasmic reticulum that contains ribosomes bound to membranes
Rough ER
Type of endoplasmic reticulum that lacks attached ribosomes
Smooth ER
Rough ER functions
Modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins
Smooth ER functions
Lipid and carbohydrate synthesis
Golgi apparatus composition
Stacks of flattened membranes (cisternae) containing chambers
Golgi apparatus function
- Storage
- Alteration
- Packaging
of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes
Lysosome composition
Vesicles containing digestive enzymes
Lysosome functions
Intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens
Peroxisome composition
Vesicles containing degradative enzymes
Peroxisome functions
- Catabolism of fats and other organic compounds
- Neutralization of toxic compounds generated in the process
Nucleolus composition
Dense region in nucleoplasm containing DNA and RNA
Nucleolus function
- Site of rRNA synthesis
- Assembly of ribosomal subunits
