Cell. Flashcards

1
Q

Most prominent organelle of cell?

A

Nucleus.

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2
Q

Which structure doesn’t contains nucleus?

A

Mature RBC.

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3
Q

In which structure, RNA processing and ribosomes synthesising takes place?

A

Nucleolous.

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4
Q

Marker enzyme of mitochondria is located where? Name it?

A

Inner membrane ,ATP synthase.

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5
Q

Which structure is a site of detoxification of drugs?

A

ER.

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6
Q

Marker enzyme of lysosomes?

A

Cathespin.

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7
Q

In which case , cathespin which is limited to interior of lysosomes get released out of cell?

A

Tumour metastasis.

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8
Q

In which case, mannose-6-phosphate is synthesised but can’t reach its targeting cell?

A

Inclusion cell (I-1) disease.

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9
Q

Protein packaging and secretion is done by?

A

Golgi complex.

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10
Q

Marker enzyme of golgi complex?

A

Galactosyl transferase.

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11
Q

Marker enzyme of cytoplasm?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase.

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12
Q

Marker enzyme of microsomes?

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase.

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13
Q

Mitochondria is absent in?

A

Erythrocyte.

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14
Q

Which part of mitochondria contains ETC?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane.

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15
Q

Enzymes for citric acid cycle, urea cycle and heme synthesis are located in?

A

Fluid matrix.

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16
Q

Inner mitochondrial membrane contains cytochrome-P450 is involved in?

A

Steroidogenesis.

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17
Q

Which structure are prominent in leukocyte and platelets?

A

Peroxisomes.

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18
Q

Which enzymes destroy the free radicals formed from per oxidation of PUFA ?

A

Catalase and Peroxidase.

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19
Q

In which disease there is insufficient oxidation of VLCFA by peroxisomes?

A

Adrenoleukodystrophy.( Brown Schilder disease)

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20
Q

Disease due to defective peroxisomal metabolism of glyoxalate from glycine?

A

Primary hyperoxaluria.

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21
Q

Disease in which no transport of protein to peroxisomes is their due to which peroxisomes remains empty?

A

Zellweger syndrome.

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22
Q

Which structure plays a triggering role in apoptosis?

A

Mitochondria.

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23
Q

Name two ectoenzymes of plasma membrane?

A

Alkaline phosphatase and Nucleotide phosphatase.

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24
Q

Which type of phospholipid are prs on outer and inner side of plasma membrane ?

A

Outer- choline containing phospholipids.

Inner- ethanolamine and serine containing phospholipids.

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25
Q

Lateral movement of membrane describes which property of membrane?

A

Fluidity.

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26
Q

Fluidity of membrane enables which process ?

A

Exocytosis and Endocytosis.

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27
Q

Which enzymes catalysis flip-flop movement?

A

Flippases.( transfer of amino phospholipids)

Floppases catalyse outward movement.

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28
Q

Which substance can alter fluidity of membrane?

A

Cholesterol. With its increase , fluidity decreases

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29
Q

Which type of Fatty acid affects fluidity?

A

Unsaturated cis FA

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30
Q

Transmembrane protein works as?

A

Receptors.

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31
Q

Main polysaccharide of bacterial cell wall?

A

N- acetyl muramic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine.

32
Q

Name the protein that forms gap junctions?

A

Connexin.

33
Q

From which substances is myelin sheath made up of?

A

Cerebroside,cholesterol,sphingomyelin

34
Q

In which disease, demyelination occurs at discrete areas and impulse conduction decreases?

A

Multiple sclerosis.

35
Q

Proteins that are responsible for coordinated movements in tissues and cells?

A

Molecular motors.

36
Q

Which process is a carrier mediated process?

A

Facilitated diffusion.

37
Q

Is facilitated diffusion a bidirectional process?

A

Yes.

38
Q

In facilitated diffusion, carrier molecules are found in which 2 states?

A

Ping and pong state.

39
Q

In which state of carrier protein, solute binds to its specific receptors?

A

Pong state.

40
Q

In which state of carrier protein, active sites faces interior?

A

Ping state.

41
Q

Transportation of glucose to RBC is an example of ?

A

Facilitated diffusion.

42
Q

Which structure forms tetramers and facilitate the transport of water along cell membrane?

A

Aquaporins.

43
Q

How many types of aquaporins are found in human?

A

10.

44
Q

What is a human aquaglyceroporin?

A

AQP9.

45
Q

Where are aquaporins are significantly located in human body?

A

Kidney.

46
Q

Which type of aquaporins are found in PCT?

A

AQP1,AQP7,AQP8.

47
Q

Which type of aquaporins are found in collecting duct?

A

AQP- 2,3,4,6,8.

48
Q

Reduced function of AQP2 leads to which disease?

A

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

49
Q

Group of disorders due to abnormalities in protein forming channels?

A

Channelopathies.

50
Q

Point mutation in sodium channels will lead to ?

A

Myotonia- increased muscle excitability and contractibility.

51
Q

Which local anaesthetic can block sodium channels?

A

Procaine.

52
Q

In which syndrome, sodium channels of renal epithelium get mutated and do extra water retention that leads to decrease in BP?

A

Linndles disease.

53
Q

Mutations in potassium channels leads to which syndrome which leads to inherited cardiac arrhythmias?

A

Long QT syndrome ( ventricular repolarisation is delayed so QT interval increases)

54
Q

In which cases potassium channels blockers are used?

A

Cardiac arrhythmia.

55
Q

In which case, potassium channels openers are used?

A

Smooth muscle dilators.

56
Q

What is used in treatment of hypertension?

A

Calcium channel blockers.

57
Q

What is a chloride transporting ABC protein?

A

CFTR gene( cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulatory protein).

58
Q

Mutation in CFTR gene leads to ?

A

Cystic fibrosis.

59
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter like glycine and GABA will attribute the opening of which channels?

A

Chloride channels.

60
Q

Which syndrome occurs due to mutation in potassium and chloride channels of especially ascending limb of renal tubules leads to hypokalcemia?

A

Bartter syndrome.

61
Q

In calcium pump for each ATP how much calcium ions are transported?

A

2.

62
Q

Transmembrane protein that allow selective entry of ions?

A

Ion channels.

63
Q

Which channels operate when only effectors bind to them?

A

Ligand-gated channels.

64
Q

What is the best example of ligand-gated channels?

A

Acetylcholine receptors.

65
Q

Which channels opens only during depolarisation otherwise they are closed in their group state?

A

Voltage gated channels.

66
Q

Which structure do transport of antibodies?

A

Ionophores.

67
Q

How many types of ionophores are there? Which are they?

A
2; mobile ion carriers ( valinomycin)
channel formers ( gramicidin)
68
Q

What acts as uncoupler of ETC? Why?

A

Valinomycin as it allows potassium to enter mitochondria.

69
Q

Which pump is an example of uniport system?

A

Calcium pump.

70
Q

Example of uniport system?

A

Glucose transport.

71
Q

Example of symport transport?

A

Na dependent glucose transport.

Amino acid transport.

72
Q

Which inhibitor inhibited Na dependent glucose transport especially in PCT that results in renal glycosuria?

A

Phlorhizin.

73
Q

Chloride bicarbonate exchange in RBC is an example of which transport?

A

Anti transport.

74
Q

Defective transport mechanism of A.A in intestine and renal tubules leads to?

A

Hartnup disease.

75
Q

Abnormal reabsorption of cysteine leads to ?

A

Cystinuria.