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biology > cc1 - biological compounds > Flashcards

cc1 - biological compounds Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

four key inorganic ions in living organisms

A

magnesium ions
iron ions
calcium ions
phosphate ions

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2
Q

role of magnesium in plants

A

used to produce chlorophyll

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3
Q

role of iron in animals

A

found in haemoglobin + involved in transport of oxygen

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4
Q

role of phosphate in living organisms

A

produces ADP + ATP

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5
Q

role of calcium in living organisms

A

strengthens tissues like bones and teeth in animals + cell walls in plants

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6
Q

why is water a polar molecule

A

O is more electronegative than H
O attracts electron density in covalent bond more strongly

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7
Q

h bonding between water molecules

A

weak intermolecular forces of attraction form between lone pair on a O and a H on an adjacent molecule

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8
Q

metabolite

A

molecule formed or used in metabolic reactions

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9
Q

role of water as a metoblite

A

water is reactant in photosynthesis + hydrolysis reactions
water is product in aerobic respiration + condensation reactions

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10
Q

why is waters high specific heat capacity important for organisms

A

water acts as a temp buffer, enabling endotherms to resist fluctuations in core temp+ to maintain optimum enzyme activity

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11
Q

why is waters high latent heat of vaporisation important for organsims

A

when water evaporates, it has a cooling effect
important in homeostasis; organisms can lose heat through sweating + panting

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12
Q

why is water an important solvent for organisms

A

water is polar universal solvent
enables chem reactions to take place in cells, transport of materials in plasma, + removal of metabolic waste

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13
Q

why does water have high surface tension

A

due to ordered arrangement + cohesion of molecules at surface of water

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14
Q

why is high surface tension of water important for organsims

A

enables transport of water + nutrients through plant stems and small blood vessels in body
allows small insects to ‘walk’ on water

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15
Q

monosaccharide

A

simple sugar
general formula - Cn(H20)n

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16
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

ribose
deoxyribose
alpha + beta glucose
fructose
galactose

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17
Q

bond between two monosaccharides

A

glycosidic bond

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18
Q

disaccharide

A

molecule formed by condensation of 2 monosaccharides, forming glycosidic bond
formula - C12H22O11

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19
Q

examples of disaccharides + their monosaccharide constituents

A

sucrose (glucose-fructose)
maltose (a-glucose-a-glucose)
lactose (glucose-galactose(

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20
Q

polysaccharide

A

polymer of monosaccharides
formed by many condensation reactions

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21
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

starch
glycogen
cellulose
chitin

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22
Q

function of starch

A

energy storage in plants

23
Q

structure of starch

A

polymer of a-glucose monomers
two forms: amylose + amylopectin
amylose: a-1,4-glycosidic bonds, unbranched
amylopectin: a-1,4- and a-1,6- glycosidic bonds, branched

24
Q

function of glycogen

A

energy storage in animals

25
Q

structure of glycogen

A

highly branched - enables rapid hydrolysis of glucose molecules

26
Q

structure + function of cellulose

A

linear polysaccharide - main component of cell walk in plants
consists of many b-glucose molecules joined by b-1,4-glycosidic bonds
alternate glucose materials rotated 180° allowing H bonds between parallel chains, forming myofibrils

27
Q

structure + function of chitin

A

linear polysaccharide found in exoskeleton of insects + crustaceans as well as fungal cell walls
consists of many b-glucose molecules (w/ amino acid side chains) joined by b-1,4-glycosidic bonds
alternate glucose molecules rotated 180° allowing H bonds between parallel chains, forming myofibrils

28
Q

how a triglyceride is formed

A

one molecule of glycerol forms ester bonds w/ 3 fatty acids via condensation reactions

29
Q

structure + function of triglycerides

A

high energy to mass ratio - energy storage, high calorific value from oxidation
insoluble hydrocarbon chain - no effect on water potential of cells, used for waterproofing
slow heat conductor - thermal insulation, e.g: adipose tussue
less dense than water - buoyancy if aquatic animals

30
Q

phospholipid

A

formed by condensation of 1 molecule of glycerol, 2 molecules of fatty acid + a phosphate group

31
Q

structure + function of phospholipids

A

glycerol backbone attached to 2 hydrophobic fatty acid tails + 1 hydrophilic polar phosphate head
forms phospholipid bilayer in water - component of cell membranes
tails splay outwards - waterproofing, e.g: skin

32
Q

diff between saturated + unsaturated fats

A

saturated fats - no C double bonds, solid at room temp due to strong intermolecular forces
unsaturated fats - one of more C double bonds, liquid at room temp due to weak intermolecular forces

33
Q

diff between monounsaturated fats + polyunsaturated fats

A

monounsaturated fats - contain one C double bond
polyunsaturated fats - contain more than one C double bond

34
Q

low density lipoprotein

A

combination of triglycerides from saturated fats + protein
block receptor sites, reducing cholesterol absorption
bad

35
Q

how ldls contribute to risk of cardiovascular disease

A

high blood cholesterol level caused by ldls lead to formation of atherosclerosis plaques

36
Q

general structure of amino acids

A

amine group (-NH2)
variable side chain (R)
carboxyl group (-COOH)
H atom

37
Q

how polypeptides form

A

many amino acid monomers join together in condensation reactions
forms peptide bonds

38
Q

primary structure of a protein

A

individual sequence of amino acids

39
Q

secondary structure of protein

A

local interactions of amino acids in polypeptide chain resulting in a-helices or b-pleated sheets
h bonds

40
Q

tertiary structure of protein

A

folding of protein to make 3d structure
disulfide bonds
ionic bonds
h bonds
hydrophobic interactions

41
Q

quaternary structure of protein

A

interactions of more than 1 polypeptide chain
may involve addition of prosthetic groups, e.g: metal ions or phosphate groups

42
Q

structure + function of fibrous proteins

A

long polypeptide chains, folded in parallel
little tertiary/quaternary structure aside from cross linkages for strength
- makes then insoluble + good for structural roles

43
Q

structure + function of globular proteins

A

spherical, compact, highly folded w/ complex tertiary/quaternary structures
hydrophilic r groups face out + hydrophobic r groups face in - water soluble
metabolic roles, e.g: enzymes

44
Q

diff between reducing + non reducing sugar

A

reducing sugar - free aldehyde or ketone functional group so can act as reducing agent
non reducing sugar - no free aldehyde or ketone functional group so cant act as reducing agent

45
Q

benedicts for reducing sugar

A

add equal volume of sample being tested + benedicts reagent
heat in electric water bath at 100°C for 5 mins
observe colour of precipitate formed

46
Q

+ive result for reducing sugars

A

colour change from green to yellow to orange to brown to brick red depending on quantity of reducing sugar present

47
Q

benedicts for non reducing suagr

A

+ive test for reducing sugar
hydrolyse non reducing sugars w/ equal vol of dilute HCl
heat in boiling water bath for 5 min
retest solution w/ benedicts reagent
observe colour of precipitate formed

48
Q

+ive result for non reducing sugars

A

colour change from green to yellow to orange to brown to brick red depending on quantity of non reducing sugar present

49
Q

food test used to identify proteins

A

buiret

50
Q

biuret test

A

add equal volume of sample + NaOH
add few drops of dilute copper sulfate solution
mix + record observations

51
Q

+ive result of biuret

A

colour change from pale blue to purple

52
Q

iodide test for starch

A

add iodine-Kl solution
colour change from organe to blue-black if +ive

53
Q

emulsion test from fats + oils

A

add ethanol to sample + shake
allow to settle
add equal volume of water
record observations

54
Q

+ive result of emulsion test

A

white cloudy emulsion forms

biology (24 decks)

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