2.5 - inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

what’s a gene

A

length of DNA on a chromosome that codes for the production of one or more polypeptide chains + functional RNA

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2
Q

define genotype

A

genetic constitution of an organism

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3
Q

define phenotype

A

expression of an organisms genetic constitution, combined with/ its interaction within the environment

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4
Q

what’s a locus

A

fixed position on a DNA molecules occupied by a gene

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5
Q

what’s an allele

A

different forms of particular gene, found at same locus on chromosome
single gene can have many alleles

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6
Q

define homozygous

A

having two identical alleles of a gene
e.g: FF or ff

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7
Q

define heterozygous

A

faving two different alleles of a gene
e.g: Ff

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8
Q

what’s a dominant allele

A
  • allele always expressed
  • represented w/ capital letter, e.g: F
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9
Q

what’s a recessive allele

A
  • allele only expressed in absence of dominant allele, only expressed if 2 copies present
  • represented w/ small letter, e.g f
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10
Q

what’s meant by codominant alleles

A

2 dominant alleles that both contribute to phenotype, either by showing blend on both characteristics, or characteristics appearing together

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11
Q

what’s an autosome

A

chromosome not an X or Y chromosome

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12
Q

what’s a sex chromosome

A

chromosome determining sex of an organisms
e.g: X + Y chromosomes in humans + other mammals

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13
Q

what’s the F1 generation

A

first generation of offspring resulting from cross of 2 individuals in parental generation

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14
Q

what’s the F2 generation

A

second generation of offspring resulting from cross of 2 individuals in F1 generation

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15
Q

define monohybrid inheritance

A

where one phenotype characteristic is controlled by a single gene

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16
Q

what’s mendels first law of inheritance

A
  • law of segregation
  • alleles separate randomly into gametes
  • each parent passes one allele to their offspring
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17
Q

what’s mendels second law of inheritance

A
  • law of independent assortment
  • alleles of genes assortment independently of other genes during gamete formation
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18
Q

PKU is a recessive condition
two heterozygous parents have offspring
predict proportion of offspring that will have PKU

A

75% chance of normal phenotype
25% chance of PKU phenotype

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19
Q

what’s the purpose of a test cross

A

used to determine whether an individual w/ dominant trait is heterozygous or homozygous domiannt

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20
Q

describe how a test cross is carried out

A
  • individual of unknown genotype bred w/ homozygous recessive individual
  • offspring phenotypes observed to determine genotype of unknown individual
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21
Q

define dihybrid inheritance

A

determination of trait by inheritance of 2 genes

22
Q

what does mendelian inheritance assume

A

genes involved aren’t linked

23
Q

what’s meant by sex-linkage

A
  • allele located on one of the sex chromosomes
  • expression depends on sex of individual
24
Q

give example of phenotype which shows sex-linkage

A
  • haemophilia
  • DMD
25
Q

describe haemophilia

A
  • X-liked recessive condition
  • results in excessive bleeding + blood too slow to clot
26
Q

describe DMD

A
  • X-linked recessive condition
  • characterised by muscle degeneration + weakness
27
Q

why are haemophilia + DMD more common in males

A

they’re X-linked recessive conditions
males only inherit one X chromosome so are more likely to express the gene in their phenotype

28
Q

what’s linkage

A
  • two or more genes positioned on same autosome
  • unlikely to be separated by crossing over during meiosis so often inherited together
29
Q

what’s the chi squared test

A

statistical test used to determine whether difference between observed + expected data is due to chance or real effect
can be used to compare expected phenotypic ratios w/ observed ratios

30
Q

hows a chi squared test performed

A
  1. make null hypothesis
  2. used mendelian ratios to calculate expected numbers
  3. calculate chi squared value using chi squared equation
  4. calculate degrees of freedom
  5. select appropriate significant level (usually 0.05)
  6. find critical value
  7. compare chi squared value w/ critical value
  8. accept or reject null hypothesis
31
Q

how are degrees of freedom calculated

A

number of categories minus 1

32
Q

if chi squared value is greater than or equal to critical value, is null hypothesis accepted or rejected

A

rejected

33
Q

what is meant if null hypothesis is rejected

A

theres a significant difference between the observed + expected results

34
Q

if chi squared value is less than critical value, is null hypothesis accepted or rejected

A

accepted

35
Q

what is meant if null hypothesis is accepted

A

no significant difference between observed + expected results
results occurred due to chance

36
Q

what’s a mutation

A
  • alteration to volume, arrangement, or structure of DNA
  • may affect single gene or whole chromosome
37
Q

when do most mutations occur

A
  • crossing over in prophase I
  • non-disjunction in anaphase I + II
38
Q

what’s a gene mutation

A
  • change to at least one nucleotide base in DNA or arrangement of bases
  • may occur spontaneously during DNA replication + can be beneficial, damaging, or neutral
39
Q

give an example of condition caused by gene mutation

A

sickle cell anaemia

40
Q

describe sickle cell anaemia

A
  • recessive genetic disorder caused by substitution mutation on chromosome 11
  • results in abnormal haemoglobin which distorts red blood cells
41
Q

what’s a chromosome mutation

A

change in structure or number of chromosomes, affecting many genes

42
Q

give an example of condition caused by a chromosome mutation

A

down syndrome

43
Q

describe down syndrome

A
  • genetic disorder characterised by delayed development + learning disabilities
  • due to non-disjunction, affected individual possesses 3 copies of chromosome 21
44
Q

what’s chromosome nondisjunction

A

failure of homologous chromosomes to separate in meiosis I or sister chromatids to separate in meiosis II
results in gametes w/ one extra or less chromosome than normal

45
Q

what’s a mutagen

A

chemical, biological, or physical agent that increases rate of gene mutations above normal level

46
Q

give examples of mutagens

A
  • ionising radiation (gamma radiation, UV, X-rays)
  • chemicals (e.g: polycyclic hydrocarbons)
47
Q

what’s a carcinogen

A

type of mutagen that causes cancer

48
Q

what’s an oncogene

A

mutations of proto-oncogenes that are activated continuously, resulting in uncontrolled cell division

49
Q

define epigenetics

A

study of changes in gene expression that aren’t due to alterations in nucleotide base sequence of DNA

50
Q

how can histone modification affect gene expression

A
  • alteration of histones by addition of methyl, acetyl, or phosphate groups
  • increases or decreases gene expression by causing histone to coil more tightly or loosely
51
Q

how can DNA methylation affect gene expression

A
  • addition of methyl (CH3) group to cytosine bases
  • prevents recognition of bases, reducing gene expression