c2.1 - biodiversity + classifications Flashcards

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1
Q

define classification

A

process of naming + organising organisms into groups based on characteristics + evolutionary history

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2
Q

can classification of organisms change

A

yes
changes as new info becomes available

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3
Q

name the 7 groups in hierarchy of taxons, largest y to smallest

A

kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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4
Q

what’s the 5 kingdom classification system

A

classification of organisms into 5 major kingdoms:
animalia, fungi, plantae, prokaryotae, protoctista

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5
Q

what’s the 3 domain classification system

A

method of classification where organisms categorised into 3 groups:
arcane, bacteria, eukarya

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6
Q

how was the 3 domain system developed

A
  • by analysing molecular differences between organisms to determine evolutionary relationships
  • evidence showed the kingdom ‘prokaryotae’ could be divided in 2 groups, all other organisms are eukaryotes
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7
Q

what do organisms in same domain have in common

A

organisms in same domain share distinctive pattern of ribosomal RNA

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8
Q

what is bacteria

A
  • one of 3 domains
  • consists of ‘true’ bacteria
  • also known as eubacteria
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9
Q

what is archaea

A
  • one of 3 domains
  • made o primitive bacteria existing in extreme environments, e.g: extremophile prokaryotes
  • also known as archaebacteria
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10
Q

what is eukarya

A
  • one of 3 domains
  • consists of all eukaryotic organisms
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11
Q

outline features of kingdom prokaryotae

A
  • unicellular prokaryotes
  • lack true nucleus + membrane bound organelles
  • rigid cell wall
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12
Q

outline features of kingdom plantae

A
  • multicellular eukaryotes
  • photoautotrophs
  • cellulose cell walls
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13
Q

outline features of kingdom animalia

A
  • multicellular eukaryotes
  • no cell wall
  • heterotrophic
  • nervous coordination
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14
Q

outline features of kingdom fungi

A
  • eukaryotes
  • heterotrophic
  • chitin cell walls
  • grow by producing branching filaments, hyphae
  • asexual reproduction via spores
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15
Q

outline features of kingdom protoctista

A
  • mainly unicellular eukaryotes
  • no differentiation into tissues
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16
Q

how are diff types of evidence used in classification

A

observations (e.g: fossils) - organisms grouped based on similar physical characteristics
biochemical methods (e.g: DNA genetic fingerprinting)

17
Q

what is DNA profiling

A
  • method of determine characteristics of individuals DNA
  • percentage of DNA or proteins shared tween species used to estimate relatedness
18
Q

advantage of using biochemical methods of classification

A

reduce mistakes made from observing physical features alone (due to morphological convergence)

19
Q

compare homologous + analogous features

A

homologous - evolved from same structure for different functions, indicating common ancestor
analogous - structures evolved independently for same function

20
Q

example of homologous feature

A

pendactyl limb (found in mammals, birds, + reptiles)

21
Q

example of analogous feature

A

wings of birds + insects

22
Q

define species

A

group of organsims that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

23
Q

2 components of binomial name

A

generic name - genus to which organism belongs
specific name - species organism belongs too

24
Q

advantage of binomial naming system

A

universal; is the same everywhere in the world

25
Q

define biodiversity

A
  • number + variety of living organisms in given region
  • affected by environmental, genetic, + human factors
26
Q

what mechanism has generated biodiversity

A

natural selection

27
Q

when measuring biodiversity of habitat, what must ecologists consider

A
  • species richness
  • species evenness
28
Q

define species richness

A

number of diff species found within an area

29
Q

define species evenness

A

number of individuals of each species living together in a community

30
Q

how can biodiversity in habitats be assessed

A

using simpsons diversity index

31
Q

what’s simpsons diversity index

A
  • measurement of diversity that considers both species richness and+ evennness
  • value between 0 + 1 found
  • greater value = greater biodiversity
32
Q

how is genetic biodiversity calaculated within species

A

proportion of polymorphic gene loci = number of polymorphic gene loci/total number of loci

33
Q

what is polymorphism

A

presence of different phenotypes among members of a single species

34
Q

how can biodiversity be assessed at molecular level

A

using DNA fingerprinting + sequencing

35
Q

what is DNA sequencing

A

determining entire DNA nucleotide base sequence of organism

36
Q

how is DNA sequencing used to measure biodiversity

A

comparisons between members of same species can identify variation in base sequences + then estimate genetic biodiversity

37
Q

what’s an adaptation

A

feature of organism that increases chance of survival in its environment

38
Q

describe the 3 types of adaptation

A

anatomical - changes to physical features
physiological - changes to bodily processes
behavioural - changes to action