c2.1 - biodiversity + classifications Flashcards

1
Q

define classification

A

process of naming + organising organisms into groups based on characteristics + evolutionary history

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2
Q

can classification of organisms change

A

yes
changes as new info becomes available

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3
Q

name the 7 groups in hierarchy of taxons, largest y to smallest

A

kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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4
Q

what’s the 5 kingdom classification system

A

classification of organisms into 5 major kingdoms:
animalia, fungi, plantae, prokaryotae, protoctista

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5
Q

what’s the 3 domain classification system

A

method of classification where organisms categorised into 3 groups:
arcane, bacteria, eukarya

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6
Q

how was the 3 domain system developed

A
  • by analysing molecular differences between organisms to determine evolutionary relationships
  • evidence showed the kingdom ‘prokaryotae’ could be divided in 2 groups, all other organisms are eukaryotes
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7
Q

what do organisms in same domain have in common

A

organisms in same domain share distinctive pattern of ribosomal RNA

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8
Q

what is bacteria

A
  • one of 3 domains
  • consists of ‘true’ bacteria
  • also known as eubacteria
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9
Q

what is archaea

A
  • one of 3 domains
  • made o primitive bacteria existing in extreme environments, e.g: extremophile prokaryotes
  • also known as archaebacteria
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10
Q

what is eukarya

A
  • one of 3 domains
  • consists of all eukaryotic organisms
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11
Q

outline features of kingdom prokaryotae

A
  • unicellular prokaryotes
  • lack true nucleus + membrane bound organelles
  • rigid cell wall
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12
Q

outline features of kingdom plantae

A
  • multicellular eukaryotes
  • photoautotrophs
  • cellulose cell walls
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13
Q

outline features of kingdom animalia

A
  • multicellular eukaryotes
  • no cell wall
  • heterotrophic
  • nervous coordination
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14
Q

outline features of kingdom fungi

A
  • eukaryotes
  • heterotrophic
  • chitin cell walls
  • grow by producing branching filaments, hyphae
  • asexual reproduction via spores
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15
Q

outline features of kingdom protoctista

A
  • mainly unicellular eukaryotes
  • no differentiation into tissues
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16
Q

how are diff types of evidence used in classification

A

observations (e.g: fossils) - organisms grouped based on similar physical characteristics
biochemical methods (e.g: DNA genetic fingerprinting)

17
Q

what is DNA profiling

A
  • method of determine characteristics of individuals DNA
  • percentage of DNA or proteins shared tween species used to estimate relatedness
18
Q

advantage of using biochemical methods of classification

A

reduce mistakes made from observing physical features alone (due to morphological convergence)

19
Q

compare homologous + analogous features

A

homologous - evolved from same structure for different functions, indicating common ancestor
analogous - structures evolved independently for same function

20
Q

example of homologous feature

A

pendactyl limb (found in mammals, birds, + reptiles)

21
Q

example of analogous feature

A

wings of birds + insects

22
Q

define species

A

group of organsims that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

23
Q

2 components of binomial name

A

generic name - genus to which organism belongs
specific name - species organism belongs too

24
Q

advantage of binomial naming system

A

universal; is the same everywhere in the world

25
define biodiversity
- number + variety of living organisms in given region - affected by environmental, genetic, + human factors
26
what mechanism has generated biodiversity
natural selection
27
when measuring biodiversity of habitat, what must ecologists consider
- species richness - species evenness
28
define species richness
number of diff species found within an area
29
define species evenness
number of individuals of each species living together in a community
30
how can biodiversity in habitats be assessed
using simpsons diversity index
31
what’s simpsons diversity index
- measurement of diversity that considers both species richness and+ evennness - value between 0 + 1 found - greater value = greater biodiversity
32
how is genetic biodiversity calaculated within species
proportion of polymorphic gene loci = number of polymorphic gene loci/total number of loci
33
what is polymorphism
presence of different phenotypes among members of a single species
34
how can biodiversity be assessed at molecular level
using DNA fingerprinting + sequencing
35
what is DNA sequencing
determining entire DNA nucleotide base sequence of organism
36
how is DNA sequencing used to measure biodiversity
comparisons between members of same species can identify variation in base sequences + then estimate genetic biodiversity
37
what’s an adaptation
feature of organism that increases chance of survival in its environment
38
describe the 3 types of adaptation
anatomical - changes to physical features physiological - changes to bodily processes behavioural - changes to action