c2.1 - biodiversity + classifications

Question 1

define classification

Answer 1

process of naming + organising organisms into groups based on characteristics + evolutionary history

Question 2

can classification of organisms change

Answer 2

yes
changes as new info becomes available

Question 3

name the 7 groups in hierarchy of taxons, largest y to smallest

Answer 3

kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Question 4

what’s the 5 kingdom classification system

Answer 4

classification of organisms into 5 major kingdoms:
animalia, fungi, plantae, prokaryotae, protoctista

Question 5

what’s the 3 domain classification system

Answer 5

method of classification where organisms categorised into 3 groups:
arcane, bacteria, eukarya

Question 6

how was the 3 domain system developed

Answer 6

• by analysing molecular differences between organisms to determine evolutionary relationships
• evidence showed the kingdom ‘prokaryotae’ could be divided in 2 groups, all other organisms are eukaryotes

Question 7

what do organisms in same domain have in common

Answer 7

organisms in same domain share distinctive pattern of ribosomal RNA

Question 8

what is bacteria

Answer 8

• one of 3 domains
• consists of ‘true’ bacteria
• also known as eubacteria

Question 9

what is archaea

Answer 9

• one of 3 domains
• made o primitive bacteria existing in extreme environments, e.g: extremophile prokaryotes
• also known as archaebacteria

Question 10

what is eukarya

Answer 10

• one of 3 domains
• consists of all eukaryotic organisms

Question 11

outline features of kingdom prokaryotae

Answer 11

• unicellular prokaryotes
• lack true nucleus + membrane bound organelles
• rigid cell wall

Question 12

outline features of kingdom plantae

Answer 12

• multicellular eukaryotes
• photoautotrophs
• cellulose cell walls

Question 13

outline features of kingdom animalia

Answer 13

• multicellular eukaryotes
• no cell wall
• heterotrophic
• nervous coordination

Question 14

outline features of kingdom fungi

Answer 14

• eukaryotes
• heterotrophic
• chitin cell walls
• grow by producing branching filaments, hyphae
• asexual reproduction via spores

Question 15

outline features of kingdom protoctista

Answer 15

• mainly unicellular eukaryotes
• no differentiation into tissues

Question 16

how are diff types of evidence used in classification

Answer 16

observations (e.g: fossils) - organisms grouped based on similar physical characteristics
biochemical methods (e.g: DNA genetic fingerprinting)

Question 17

what is DNA profiling

Answer 17

• method of determine characteristics of individuals DNA
• percentage of DNA or proteins shared tween species used to estimate relatedness

Question 18

advantage of using biochemical methods of classification

Answer 18

reduce mistakes made from observing physical features alone (due to morphological convergence)

Question 19

compare homologous + analogous features

Answer 19

homologous - evolved from same structure for different functions, indicating common ancestor
analogous - structures evolved independently for same function

Question 20

example of homologous feature

Answer 20

pendactyl limb (found in mammals, birds, + reptiles)

Question 21

example of analogous feature

Answer 21

wings of birds + insects

Question 22

define species

Answer 22

group of organsims that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

Question 23

2 components of binomial name

Answer 23

generic name - genus to which organism belongs
specific name - species organism belongs too

Question 24

advantage of binomial naming system

Answer 24

universal; is the same everywhere in the world

Question 25

define biodiversity

Answer 25

• number + variety of living organisms in given region
• affected by environmental, genetic, + human factors

Question 26

what mechanism has generated biodiversity

Answer 26

natural selection

Question 27

when measuring biodiversity of habitat, what must ecologists consider

Answer 27

• species richness
• species evenness

Question 28

define species richness

Answer 28

number of diff species found within an area

Question 29

define species evenness

Answer 29

number of individuals of each species living together in a community

Question 30

how can biodiversity in habitats be assessed

Answer 30

using simpsons diversity index

Question 31

what’s simpsons diversity index

Answer 31

• measurement of diversity that considers both species richness and+ evennness
• value between 0 + 1 found
• greater value = greater biodiversity

Question 32

how is genetic biodiversity calaculated within species

Answer 32

proportion of polymorphic gene loci = number of polymorphic gene loci/total number of loci

Question 33

what is polymorphism

Answer 33

presence of different phenotypes among members of a single species

Question 34

how can biodiversity be assessed at molecular level

Answer 34

using DNA fingerprinting + sequencing

Question 35

what is DNA sequencing

Answer 35

determining entire DNA nucleotide base sequence of organism

Question 36

how is DNA sequencing used to measure biodiversity

Answer 36

comparisons between members of same species can identify variation in base sequences + then estimate genetic biodiversity

Question 37

what’s an adaptation

Answer 37

feature of organism that increases chance of survival in its environment

Question 38

describe the 3 types of adaptation

Answer 38

anatomical - changes to physical features
physiological - changes to bodily processes
behavioural - changes to action