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biology > c1.3 - respiration > Flashcards

c1.3 - respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

respiration

A

set of metabolic reactions that take place in organisms + break down respiratory substances
e.g: glucose into smaller inorganic molecules, like water + CO2
linked to synthesis of ATP

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2
Q

why respiration described as catabolic process

A

complex molecules (respiratory substrates) broken down into smaller, simpler molecules

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3
Q

why organisms need to respire

A

produces chemical energy in ATP for variety of processes
e.g: active transport, metabolic reactions, muscle contraction
releases heat energy for thermoregulation

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4
Q

aerobic respiration

A

takes place in presence of O2 + produced CO2, water + ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

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5
Q

four main stages of aerobic respiration + where they occur

A

glycolysis - cytosol
link reaction - mitochondrial matrix
krebs cycle - mitochondrial matrix
electron transport chain - inner mitochondrial matrix

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6
Q

stages of glycolysis

A
  1. glucose (hexose sugar) phophorylated to hexose bisphosphate by 2x ATP
  2. hexose bisphosphate splits into 2x triose phosphate (TP)
  3. 2 molecules of TP oxidised to 2x pyruvate
    net gain of 2x reduced NAD (NADH) + 2x ATP per glucose
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7
Q

equation to summarise glycolysis

A

glucose + 2NAD + 2ADP + 2Pi -> 2 pyruvate + 2NADH + heat

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8
Q

how does pyruvate from glycolysis enter mitochondria

A

active transport

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9
Q

link reaction

A
  1. oxidative decarboxylation + dehydrogenation of pyruvate to form acetate
    net gain of CO2 + 2x reduced NAD
  2. acetate combines w/ coenzyme A (CoA) to form acetyl coenzyme A
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10
Q

equation to summarise link reaction

A

pyruvate + NAD + CoA -> acetyl CoA + reduced NAD + CO2

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11
Q

krebs cycle

A

series of oxidation-reduction reaction in matrix of mitochondria in which acetyl CoA is oxidised generating reduced NAD, reduced FAD, ATP + CO2

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12
Q

function of krebs cycle

A

means of releasing energy from carbon bonds to provide ATP, reduced NAD + reduced FAD (with release of CO2)

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13
Q

how many NAD + FAD does complete oxidation of 1 glucose molecule yield

A

10 reduced NAD
2 reduced FAD

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14
Q

electron transport chain

A

series of electron carrier proteins that transfer electrons in a chain of oxidation-reduction reaction, releasing energy

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15
Q

what happens in ETC

A

electrons released from reduced NAD + FAD undergo successive redox reactions
energy released is coupled to maintaining proton gradient or is released as heat
oxygen acts as final electron acceptor

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16
Q

role of reduced NAD + FAD in ETC

A

source of electrons + protons

17
Q

how chemiosmosis produces ATP during aerobic respiration

A

protons flow down conc gradient from intermembrane space into mitochondrial matrix via ATP synthase
ATP synthase phophorylates ADP to form ATP as protons flow through it

18
Q

role of O2 in ETC

A

final electron acceptor
O2 + 4H+ + 4e- -> 2H2O

19
Q

how many ATP produced per oxidised NAD in aerobic respiration

A

3 ATP

20
Q

how many ATP produced per oxidised FAD in aerobic respiration

A

2 ATP

21
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

takes place in absence of oxygen
less ATP formed than aerobic

22
Q

product of anaerobic respiration in animals

A

lactic acid

23
Q

anaerobic respiration in animals

A

only glycolysis continues
reduced NAD (product of glycolysis) transfers H to pyruvate, forming lactic acid + regeneration NAD
catalysed by enzyme lactate dehydrogenase

24
Q

products of anaerobic respiration in plants + microorganisms

A

ethanol + CO2

25
Q

anaerobic respiration in plants + microorganisms

A

only glycolysis continues
pyruvate decarboxylated to form ethanal
ethanal accepts H for reduced NAD making ethanol
NAD regenerated for glycolysis

26
Q

yield of ATP in aerobic v anaerobic respiration

A

aerobic - 30 to 32 ATP
anaerobic - 2 ATP

27
Q

why is max yield of ATP in aerobic respiration never reached

A

ATP lost due to leaky membranes
energy required to move pyruvate + ADP into mitochondrial matrix

28
Q

2 types of molecules that can be used as alternative respiratory substrates

A

(amino acids from) proteins
(glycerol + fatty acids from) lipids

29
Q

how lipids used in respiration

A

hydrolysed to glycerol + fatty acids
glycerol converted to a 3C sugar + enter glycolysis
fatty acids broken down into 2C acetate fragments which enter krebs cycle as acetyl CoA

30
Q

how proteins used in respiration

A

hydrolysed to amino acids
amino acid deaminated in liver forming keto acids + ammonia
keto acids enter glycolysis + krebs cycle

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