Catalysis--TS

Question 1

how do Enzymes reduce the free energy of the transition state?

Answer 1

1. Reduce dG–if they don’t do that, they’re not an enzyme–i.e. stabilization
   
   2. Proximity and orientation
   3. Functional groups (often acids and bases)
   4. Protect high E intermediates from the environment
      a. Hydride transfer
      Pyruvate kinase protects a phosphate group, LDH protects a hydride group

Question 2

catalytic efficiency when [S]<

Answer 2

Vo=Kcat/Km x [Et][S] – Kcat/Km second order rate constant

Question 3

Vmax=Kcat*[Et]

Answer 3

ya

Question 4

when has an enzyme reached catalytic perfection?

Answer 4

when Kcat/Km reach the upper limit(determined by how fast E and S can diffuse together) of around 10e8/Ms–nothing can improve its efficiency

Question 5

Kcat eq’n

Answer 5

Ae^(-Ea/RT)