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Spanish Wine Scholar 2021 > Cataluňa > Flashcards

Cataluňa Flashcards

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1
Q

How far back do human settlements go in Cataluňa

A

200,000 years - cave paintings
Roca del Moros
UNESCO heritage site

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2
Q

Who brought grapevines to Cataluňa

A

Greeks and Phoenicians

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3
Q

Between whom were battles fought in 2c in Cataluňa

A

Romans and Carthagians

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4
Q

What is the Via Augusta

A

Roman road constructed 1c
Connected Cadiz to Narbonne via Carthagena
1500km
Tarragona - v important
Wine exports

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5
Q

Name 3 other powers that controlled Cataluňa after the romans

A

Visigoths
Moors
Francs

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6
Q

What was the Marca Hispanica

A

790

Spanish Marches
Self rule to Iberian countries
Frankish king Charlemagne

Acted as a buffer zone between the Franks and the Moors

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7
Q

Which monks kept viticulture

A

Cisterian

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8
Q

Which 2 regions were united in the marriage of Petronila to Ramon Berenguer IV

A

Aragon and Barcelona

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9
Q

When was the ‘Catalan’ identity first recognised

A

1117-1125?
Italian document around invasion of Balearics

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10
Q

What was the main Catalan port of 15c

A

Barcelona

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11
Q

What happened when King Martin I died without issue

A

Barcelona integrated into Aragon
Ferdinand of Antequera becomes Ferdinand of Aragon

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12
Q

What is Cartoxia d’Escaladei

A

Carthusian Monastery of Scala Dei
1194
Birthplace of wines and winemaking in Cataluňa
Priorat
King Alfonso sent 2 knights to find a place for the Carthusian site. They met a shepherd who told them legend of a staircase …which then appeared!
Solitary and silent order

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13
Q

When did Cataluňa first gain autonomy

A

1469
Given from Ferninand and Isabella

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14
Q

When did Cataluňa place itself under French rule

A

1640

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15
Q

What was the war Cataluňa fought against the Bourbons

A

War of Spanish Succession

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16
Q

What were the Neuva Planta decrees

A

1716
King Philip
Spanish territories inc Cataluňa incorporated into Bourbon Kingdom

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17
Q

What was the primary source of income for Cataluňa in 18c

A

Wine!

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18
Q

Who was Josep Raventos i Fatjo

A

Cordoniu founded by family in 1551
Penedes
First sparkling wine in 1872
Inspiration from travel in Champagne
Trad method
Called cava much later 20c

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19
Q

What was the Renaixenca

A

19c
Rebirth of Catalan nationalism
Autonomous region in 1979
Nation 2006

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20
Q

What was the Spanish region with the fastest growing economy in 1960s

A

Cataluňa
Industry and tourism

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21
Q

Which 7 DOs of Catalonia were first recognised in 1970s

A

Alella
Conca de Barbera
Emporda
Penedes
Priorat
Tarragona
Terra Alta

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22
Q

What is the Caganer

A

The Crapper
Figurine in Nativity

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23
Q

What is the Tio de Nadal

A

Uncle Christmas Log
Children look after log
Christmas presents

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24
Q

Who was Antonio Gaudi

A

Catalan architect
Modernista
Sagrada Familia

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25
Q

Where is Cataluňa located

A 
N= France and Andorra 
E= Med 
S= Valencia 
W= Aragon
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26
Q

Name the 4 provinces of Cataluňa

A

Lerida
Gerona
Barcelona
Tarragona

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27
Q

Which city is the capital of Cataluňa

A

Barcelona

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28
Q

Where is Barcelona in size of major Spanish cities

A

2nd behind Madrid

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29
Q

What is the main climate of Cataluňa

A

Mediterranean
North - cooler and wetter (Pyrennes)
Sea breezes

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30
Q

What is rainfall like in Cataluňa

A

600m
Higher in North
Lower in South
Mostly spring and autumn!

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31
Q

What are the 3 main topographical features of Cataluňa

A

Catalan Pirineos
Cordilleras Costeros-Catalanas
Central Catalan depression

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32
Q

What is the highest peak in Cataluňa

A

Pica d’Estats
3,143m

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33
Q

What are the 2 longest rivers in Cataluňa

A

Ter and LLobregat
Ebro passes through…..

Ca-ter-longer-bra

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34
Q

What is the dominant soil type in Cataluňa

A

Alluviums, limestone and clay
DO Penedes has v free draining soil

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35
Q

What is llicorella

A

Soil type in DOQ Priorat
Some in Montsant and Conca de Barbera
Shallow, copper coloured slate/shale
Poor, stony soils derived from the underlying slate and quartz, called locally llicorella, support only the most meagre of crops.

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36
Q

Is Cataluňa best known for International or indigenous varieties

A

Indigenous
Some international in blends

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37
Q

What are the main white grapes of Cataluňa

A

Xarel-lo
Parellada
Macebeo

Garancha Blanca
Chardonnay and Sauv Blanc

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38
Q

What are the main red grapes of Cataluňa

A

Garnacha Tinta
Mazuelo

Tempranillo

Syrah and Cab Sauv

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39
Q

Co-operatives play a minor role in Cataluňa T or F

A

False
Co-ops important since 19c

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40
Q

Cesar Martinell

A

architect
Wine cathedrals for co-ops

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41
Q

Explain the role of the INCAVI

A

Institut Catala de la Vinya i ei Vi
Catalan wine Institute
Promoting wine knowledge

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42
Q

Wines of Cataluňa are mostly single varietal. T or F

A

False - mostly blended

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43
Q

DO Priorat has wine quality designated by place of origin T or F

A

True

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44
Q

What are the characteristics of DO Cataluňa

A

1999
Covers all region
Blanco 49%, Tinto 41%, Rosado 10%
Grapes - variety!
42,431ha
Espumoso??
CR Encourages quality
controversial do created in the early 21st century for blends of wines made from anywhere in the region. The big bottlers such as torres were the chief proponents and are the chief beneficiaries.

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45
Q

What are the characteristics of DO Cava

A

1986
Espumoso 100%
Clay and Limestone
500mm
800m
33,110ha
Xarel-lo, Macabeo, Parallada
CAVA

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46
Q

What was the first name for Cava

A

Xampany/Champan
The term Cava was adopted by the Spanish in 1970 when they agreed to abandon the use of the potentially misleading term Champaña. The word originates in cataluña, which produces most but not all Cava, where it means ‘cellar’.

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47
Q

What is a girasol

A

Most remuage is now carried out automatically in a girasol or gyropalette, a Spanish invention which enables hundreds of bottles to be handled at a time.

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48
Q

Name 3 improvements to Cava production in 1970s

A

Girasol
New yeasts
Improvements to presses

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49
Q

Which 7 Autonomous region are included in DO Cava

A

Cataluňa
La Rioja
Valencia
Aragon
Navarra
Extremadura
Pais Vasco

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50
Q

What % of Cava production is in Penedes

A

95%

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51
Q

Which 3 grapes are nomally used for Cava

A

Macabeo, Xarel-lo, Parallada

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52
Q

Can you make Cava rosado

A

Yes
8% of production
min 25% of red

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53
Q

What are the 7 levels of Cava sweetness

A

Brut Nature
Extra Brut
Brut

Extra Seco
Seco
Semi-seco

Dolce

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54
Q

Why would the Cava producers add dosage

A

Extra sweetness
Complexity - sometimes use solera for extra

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55
Q

What is the minimum lees aging for Cava

A

9/12

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56
Q

What % of DO Cava is ‘Premium’ ageing designation

A

13%

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57
Q

Name the aging labels and the min length of lees ageing

A

Cava=9/12
Reserva= 15/12
Gran Reserva=30/12
Paraje Calificado= 36/12

58
Q

Name the 10 requirements for Cava de Paraje Calificado

A

Vine >10yrs
Manual harvesting
Single vineyard
Lower than standard yields
Vinfied on estate
Vintage labelled
Lees aged for >=36/12
One of Brut sweetness levels
Tasted and approved
Traceable

59
Q

When were the first Cava de Paraje Calificados released

A

2017
7 companies
9 estates
10 cavas

60
Q

What is CORPINNAT

A

Collective of Penedes producers
Terroir driven
100% organic
hand harvested
aged min 18/12, 30/12, 60/12
disagreement with DO Cava
The best Cavas have increasingly been produced by smaller, more artisanal firms such as Recaredo and Gramona. But the perceived mass-market image of the appellation has led to a growing disenchantment among better quality producers. By 2014 a number of them in Penedès—including Raventòs i Blanc, Albet i Noya, Mas Comptal, Loxarel, Colet, and Mas Bertran—had left the appellation altogether and joined the DO penedès

61
Q

What is min and average pressure of Cava

A

4 min
5-6 average

62
Q

What are costers

A

Riverbanks

63
Q

DO Emporda - date

A

1975 (early)

64
Q

DO Emporda - wine styles

A

TINTO 58%, Blanco 24%, Rosado 15%

65
Q

DO Emporda - soils

A

Alluvium and slate

66
Q

DO Emporda - climate

A

Med
600mm
TRAMONTANA - autumn, winter, spring

67
Q

DO Emporda - topography

A

260 m
1756ha
2 sections
terraces

68
Q

DO Emporda - wines

A

Trad - sweet, fortified
Now - fresh vinos tintos - Garnacha, LLedoner, Samso

69
Q

DO Emporda -what is it’s famous old wine

A

famous sweet vino de licor
Garnacha del Emporda
over ripe grapes
>90% Garnacha,
>2 yrs aging

70
Q

DO Emporda

A

Empordà, do in the extreme north east corner of Spanish cataluña separated from roussillon only by the French border (see maps under spain and france). The zone has a long history of wine production, which was nearly extinguished when phylloxera swept through the vineyards in the 1900s. Many of the terraces that climb the low foothills of the Pyrenees were never replanted. The climate is mediterranean, although strong year-round winds protect the vineyards from frost and vine diseases, but can subject vines without windbreaks to severe stress. Empordà used to produce heavy rancios, sometimes called Garnatxa, the Catalan name for the grenache grape. This vine variety and Cariñena (carignan) still account for 80% of production, although for long they were mostly turned into bulk rosé for the local market. Inspired by the quality-conscious Castillo de Perelada estate however, smaller producers such as Mas Estela, Masia Serra, and Mas Oller have significantly changed the perception of a region that used to be known as Empordà-Costa Brava.

71
Q

DO Montsant - age

A

2002 - youngest in Cataluna
Wine produced for 2000yrs
Carthusian monks
Was Falset of DO Tarragona

72
Q

DO Montsant - wine styles

A

TINTO - 90%
Samso/Mazuela/Carignan, Garnacha
Some Macabeo whites
large co-ops and small wineries

73
Q

DO Montsant -Soils

A

Panal - silty loam
Saulo - limely clay with sand
Llicorella - slate, schist

Peanut salty liquorice

74
Q

DO Montsant - climate

A

Med
700mm

75
Q

DO Montsant - topography

A

700m
1844 ha
Encircles DO Priorat
Mountains of Cordillera Prelittoral
2 rivers flow into Ebro

76
Q

DO Montsant - number of sub-zones

A

6

77
Q

DO Montsant -

A

Montsant, do created in cataluña in 2001 which used to be known as the Falset subregion of the tarragona do. Its 1,900 ha/4,700 acres of vineyards were given their own identity in order to highlight its superior quality. It has less of the schist soils of its neighbour priorat but otherwise its old Garnacha and Cariñena vineyards on steep slopes enable it to produce wines of very similar style and quality at much lower prices.

78
Q

DO Penedes - age

A

1960 - OLD
Oldest and most progressive
One of largest wine regions
Birthplace of Cava (now DO Cava)

79
Q

DO Penedes - wine styles

A

MIXED
Blanco 51%
Tinto 35%
Rosado 11%

80
Q

DO Penedes - soils

A

limestone clay

81
Q

DO Penedes - climate

A

Med
500mm

82
Q

DO Penedes - topography

A

Central Calatluna
900m
16,637ha
coast and inland
3 sub-zones
Superior - inland, mountainous
Central - central plain
Maritim - coastal
Further 10 sub-zones

83
Q

DO Penedes - grapes

A

Xarello

84
Q

DO Penedes - Classic Penedes

A

Sparkling
100% organic
Penedes
Method tradicional
full process registered with DO
>15/12 on lees
First 100% organic sparkling in world

85
Q

DO Penedes -

A

he largest and most important denominated wine zone in cataluña in north-east Spain (see map under spain), producing an innovative range of wines from 15,200 ha/36,500 acres of vineyard in 2013. With its proximity to Barcelona, Penedès has always had a ready outlet for its wines. In the 19th century, it was one of the first regions in Spain to begin mass production and France, stricken by phylloxera, became an important market. The phylloxera louse reached Penedès in 1887, by which time José Raventós had laid the foundations of codorníu and the cava industry. Vineyards that had once produced strong, semi-fortified reds were uprooted in favour of white grapes for sparkling wine. Cava has subsequently developed a separate nationally organized do.

Penedès underwent a second radical transformation in the 1960s and 1970s largely because of Miguel Torres Carbó and his son Miguel A. torres, wine (and brandy) producers in the heart of the region at Vilafranca del Penedès. They were among the first in Spain to install temperature control and stainless steel tanks. Miguel Torres, Jr, who studied oenology in France, also imported and experimented with such revolutionary vine varieties as Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Riesling, and Gewürztraminer, which were planted alongside and blended with native varieties. Other growers followed in the Torres family footsteps and Penedès was in the 1980s one of the most dynamic and varied wine regions in Spain. By the late 1990s, however, the region was failing to confirm the high hopes placed in its red wines, which were increasingly overshadowed by those of priorat.

Penedès rises from the Mediterranean like a series of steps and divides into three distinct zones. Bajo, or Low, Penedès reaches elevations of 250 m/825 ft away from the tourist resorts of the Costa Daurada. This is the warmest part of the region which traditionally grew Malvasía and Moscatel de Alejandría (muscat of alexandria) grapes for sweet fortified wines. With the expansion of the resort towns and declining sales of such wines, these vineyards have either been abandoned or replanted with garnacha, cariñena, or monastrell making sturdy reds. The second zone, Medio Penedès, is a broad valley 500 m/1,600 ft above sea level, separated from the coast by a ridge of hills, the Garraf chain, which has ambitions to be a separate subappellation. The Medio Penedès is the most productive part of the region providing much of the base wine for the sparkling wine industry at Sant Sadurní d’Anoia (see cava). macabeo, xarel-lo, and parellada are grown for Cava, together with increasing quantities of Chardonnay and red varieties such as tempranillo (often called here by its Catalan name Ull de Llebre) and Cabernet Sauvignon. Penedès Superior, between 500 and 800 m above the coast, is the coolest part of the region where some of the best white grapes are grown. The native Parellada is the most important variety here,

86
Q

DOQ Priorat - age

A

2009
one of only 2 DOQ, DOCs
Carthusian monks
First recognised in 1932 in Wine Statute

87
Q

DOQ Priorat - Wine styles

A

TINTO - 95%
Garnacha and Samso (carignan)

88
Q

DOQ Priorat - Soils

A

LLicorella - quartz rich slate
Struggle to find water

89
Q

DOQ Priorat - climate

A

Med
600mm
Cold dry CIERZO winds
large diurnal swings

90
Q

DOQ Priorat - topography

A

750m
1972ha
Mountain ranges on all sides
Siurana river - on way to Ebro
Steep slopes, terraces
Hand work

91
Q

DOQ Priorat - basic rung 1

A

Grapes from anywhere in DOQ Priorat
Must be estate or 7+yrs rented
>60% Garnacha and/or Samso

92
Q

DOQ Priorat - 3 requirements for Vi de Vila

A

Grapes must be grown within boundary of village
Max yields
90% of vineyard 10yrs+, rest 5yrs+

To gain the Vi de Vila status all the grapes must be sourced from the vineyards surrounding the named village (stricter than the rules for Rioja’s new Vino de Municipio, which may include 15% of wine grown elsewhere). Additionally, the traceability must be closely overseen by the Consejo Regulador, and the wine must be kept separately throughout the vinification process and the local grapes Garnatxa and Carinyena should dominate the blend.

Twelve villages may add their name to the Vi de Vila qualification. The producers can annually communicate to the Consejo the wines they want to label under this category and then the technical department will oversee and certify the final wine. In the first vintage of the programme (for 2007 wines) just seven wines requested the qualification. Today there are 46

93
Q

DOQ Priorat - Rung 3 Vi de Paratge

A

Grapes must be grown within paratge (location)
Lower Max yields
90% of vineyard 15yrs+, rest 5yrs+
459 paratges

94
Q

DOQ Priorat - Rung 4 Vinya Classificada

A

Grapes must be from single vineyard
Max yields
80% of vineyards 20+yrs, rest 5yrs+
Traceability
4 wines - Clos Mogador, Mas de la Rosa, Coma Blanca, Clos Fonta

95
Q

DOQ Priorat - Rung 5 Gran Vinya Classificada

A

Grapes must be from single vineyard
Lower Max yields
80% of vineyards 35+yrs, rest 10yrs+
Traceability
1 wine - L’ermita

96
Q

DOQ Priorat - Vinyas Velles

A

Grapes come from plots over 75yrs or planted prior to 1945

97
Q

DOQ Priorat

A

Priorat, one of Spain’s most inspiring red wines made in an isolated zone in catalunya inland from Tarragona (see map under spain) that is one of the country’s only two to qualify as a doca. (Its Spanish rather than native Catalan name is Priorato.) In the 1990s, a true revolution engulfed the region, where production methods for Priorat had barely altered since the 12th century when the Carthusian monks first established the priory after which the wine is named. Priorat is one of the world’s few first-class wines to be made from Garnacha (grenache) and Mazuelo/Cariñena (carignan) vines. The age of the vines and concomitantly extremely low yields, which average just 5 or 6 hl/ha (0.3 ton/acre), undoubtedly contribute to the intensity and strength of Priorat.

Poor, stony soils derived from the underlying slate and quartz, called locally llicorella, support only the most meagre of crops. mechanization is almost impossible and many steeply terraced smallholdings had been abandoned as the rural population left to find work on the coast. The success of new wave Priorat has been reviving viticulture, however.

The region was long dominated by co-operatives but there is an increasing number of well-equipped estates, traditionally led by Scala Dei, while De Müller makes some good generoso. In the 1980s, René Barbier, the scion of the Franco-Spanish winemaking family (whose eponymous firm in Penedès belongs to freixenet), recognizing Priorat’s potential for top-quality red wines, located some particularly promising vineyard sites, renaming them clos. Such French vine varieties as Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah, and some Pinot Noir were planted. A group of private growers took over. The wines of René Barbier (Clos Mogador), Costers del Siurana (Clos de l’Obac), Álvaro Palacios (Finca Dofí, L’Ermita), Mas Martinet (Clos Martinet), and Clos & Terrasses (Clos Erasmus) had won worldwide acclaim by the late 1990s with L’Ermita one of Spain’s most expensive wines. Complex blends including small proportions of French varieties, careful winemaking, and ageing in new French oak barrels were the key innovations. Other small estates jumped on the bandwagon and by the mid 2000s there were more than 50 bodegas in Priorat, with a growing number now producing white wines too from Garnacha Blanca, Macabeo, Pedro Ximénez, and some Viognier.

98
Q

DO Terra Alta - age

A

1982

99
Q

DO Terra Alta - wine styles

A

TINTO 72%
But exploring whites

100
Q

DO Terra Alta - soils

A

Limestone clay

101
Q

DO Terra Alta - climate

A

Med
592mm

102
Q

DO Terra Alta - topography

A

1000m
6066ha
SW Calaluna
Between Ebro and Aragon
Highest vineyards in Cataluna
Hills and plains

103
Q

DO Terra Alta - wine

A

Co-ops
Historically vinos blancos
some sweet, fortified and orange

104
Q

DO Terra Alta - Terra Alta Garnatxa Blanca

A

Quality white wine
Numbered by CR

105
Q

DO Terra Alta -

A

Terra Alta, Spanish for ‘high land’, is the highest of the do wine zones in Spanish cataluña (see map under spain). Its recent development parallels that of tarragona, which adjoins Terra Alta to the east. As in Tarragona, growers are following the lead of priorat, notably recovering and relaunching their formerly despised garnacha blanca grapes and making some impressive red blends.

106
Q

What is the name of the road that connected Rome to Hispania

A

Via Augusta

107
Q

What did the term ‘cava’ originally refer

A

Caves

108
Q

What is the Catalan term for the steep slopes in DOQ Priorat

A

Costers

109
Q

What are the 3 primary Cava grapes

A

Parrelada. Macebeo and Xarello

110
Q

How must grapes for Classic Penedes wines be grown

A

100% organic

111
Q

Indigenous and international varieties are equally planted in Calaluna T or F

A

False - mostly indigenous

112
Q

What is the name of the machine invente din Cataluna which is the precursor to the gyropalette

A

Girasol

113
Q

In addition to llicorella, what 2 soil types are found in DO Monserrat

A

Saulo
Panal

… like solar panels

114
Q

What mountain range runs parallel to Cataluna’s coastline

A

Cordillars Costero-Catalanas

115
Q

Classic Penedes is the term for cava produced in Penedes. T or F

A

F… not Cava

116
Q

What style of wine was traditionally produced in DO Emporda

A

Sweet fortified

Sweet Em Poured a fortified

117
Q

What are the 4 red varieties authorised in DO Cava

A

Garnacha Tinta,, Monastrell, Pinot Noir, Trepat

118
Q

How many subzones are authorised to label as Vi de Vila in DOQ Priorat

A

12

119
Q

When are the rainy seasons in Cataluna

A

Spring and autumn

120
Q

Does Cava de Paraje Calificado refer to Single Estate Cava or Single Vineyard Cava

A

Single Vineyard

121
Q

What is the term for orange wines in DO Terra Alta

A

Brisats

Bri - satsuma

122
Q

Which 2 countries form the northern border of Cataluna

A

France and Andorra

123
Q

Name the prized soil in DOQ Priorat

A

Llicorella

124
Q

Name the north wind that heavily affects DO Emporda

A

Tramontana

125
Q

Who created Spain’s first sparkling wine using methods learned in champagne

A

Josep Raventos i Fatjo

126
Q

How many sub-zones in DO Montsant

A

6

127
Q

What s the highest terroir classification in DOQ Priorat

A

Gran Vinya Classificada

128
Q

What is the minimum time on lees for a Gran reserva Cava

A

30/12

129
Q

NOT TESTABLE New quality and zoning

A

See errata

130
Q

What is Tempranillo called in Catalonia

A

Ull de LLebre

131
Q

What is the primary grape of Penedes

A

Xarello

132
Q

Who created the first sparkling wine in Spain

A

Josep Raventos i Fatjo

133
Q

Cava is always made via which method

A

Metodo Tradicional

134
Q

Which 4 red grapes are authorised in the production of cava

A

Garnacha Tinta

Trepat

Monastrell

Pinot Noir

135
Q

Cava de Paraje Calificado must age a min of how many months

A

36

136
Q

Which is the only grape in DO Terra Alta to have its own classification

A

Garncaha Blanca

137
Q

What are the sugar %s for cava

A

But Nature <0.3%

Extra Brut <0.6%

Brut 0.6<1.2%

Extra Seco 1.2>1.7%

Seco 1.7>3.2%

Semi Seco 3.2%>5%

Dolce 5%>

138
Q

Which region is known for its wine cathedrals

A

Catalonia

139
Q

Which were the father and son of Cava

A

Joseph R Fatjo and Manuel Raventos Domech

140
Q

What do each of the grapes bring to Cava

A

Xarel-lo=structure and herbs (high yields/sugars)

Macebeo=softness and perfume (later ripening)

Parellada=Finesse and lemon (early bud/late ripening)

141
Q

A simple light crisp white wine from DO Penedes would likely be made from which grape

A

Xarel=lo

Spanish Wine Scholar 2021 (25 decks)

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