cases in diabetes

Question 1

increase the stress in body causes levels of cortisol and catecholamines to

Answer 1

decrease

Question 2

increase in amylase in diabetic ketoacidosis is due to

Answer 2

salivary gland excretion

Question 3

Main mechanisms involved in VEGF upregulation and its consequences in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. __________is the most important trigger for VEGF upregulation mainly through HIF-1. Hyperglycemia, AGEs, and proinflammatory cytokines are among the other stimulating factors that could increase VEGF production by the diabetic retina. The main deleterious consequences of VEGF overexpression are the _________________________the pathogenic hallmark of diabetic macular edema) and _______________ (the hallmark of proliferative diabetic retinopathy). FGF, fibroblast growth factor; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor.

Answer 3

Main mechanisms involved in VEGF upregulation and its consequences in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Hypoxia is the most important trigger for VEGF upregulation mainly through HIF-1. Hyperglycemia, AGEs, and proinflammatory cytokines are among the other stimulating factors that could increase VEGF production by the diabetic retina. The main deleterious consequences of VEGF overexpression are the disruption of the blood-retinal barrier (the pathogenic hallmark of diabetic macular edema) and neovascularization (the hallmark of proliferative diabetic retinopathy). FGF, fibroblast growth factor; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor.

Question 4

Clinical ______________ is defined by the triad of a low blood sugar (usually under 55 mg/dl), symptoms and signs, improvement in symptoms with glucose administration (Whipple’s triad)

Answer 4

hypoglycemia