Case 7 Basal Ganglia Anatomy

Question 1

What are the basal ganglia?

Answer 1

A large group of subcortical nuclei, within the white matter

Question 2

What are the amor components of the basal ganglia?

Answer 2

Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus nad substantiea nigra

Question 3

What are th inputs to the basal ganglia?

Answer 3

The cerebral cortex and eh substantia migra pars compacta

Question 4

What does the cerebral cortex connect to?

Answer 4

The caudate nucleus and the putamen

Question 5

What are th outputs from the basal ganglia?

Answer 5

Globus pallidus internal and substantia nigra pars reticulata

Question 6

What is the function of the direct pathway?

Answer 6

Facilitate movement

Question 7

What is the function of th indirect pathway?

Answer 7

To inhibit/modulate movement

Question 8

Outline the indirect pathway

Answer 8

Cortex + substantia nigra pars compacta –> striatum –> globus pallidus (external) –> subthalamic nulceus –> globus pallidus internal –> sub nigra pars reticulata

Question 9

Which component of the substantial migra connects to the thalamus? (pars compacta or pars reticulata?)

Answer 9

Pars reticulata

Question 10

Outline the direct pathway

Answer 10

Cortex + sub nigra pars compacta –> striatum –> globus palldus –> SNpr –> thalamus

Question 11

What are the 3 parts of the caudate nucleus and where are they located relative to the lateral ventricle?

Answer 11

Head, body, tail
Head = lateral wall of the anterior horn
Body = floor of the body
Tail = roof of the inferior horn

Question 12

The internal capsule is comprised of an anterior and posterior limb, what structures does each respective lib separate?

Answer 12

Anterior = caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus

Posterior lentiform nucleus and thalamus

Question 13

What structures comprise the lentiform nucleus?

Answer 13

Putamen and globus paliidus

Question 14

What sit eh striatum?

Answer 14

The part where the putamen fuses with the caudate nucleus (creates “striae” of grey matter)

Question 15

Why are the amygdala and nucleus acccumbens important in the basal ganglia?

Answer 15

Amygdala = rage and aggression

Nucleus accumbent = reward and satiation

Question 16

What substance pigments the substantial migra?

Answer 16

Neuromelanin (from dopamine synthesis)

Question 17

Name the 2 parts of the substantial migra:

Answer 17

Pars compact and pars reticulata

Question 18

Whereas the pars reticulate releases ____, the pars reticulate releases ___

Answer 18

Whereas the pars reticulate releases dopamine, the pars reticulate releases GABA

Question 19

Whereas the ___ ___ is the medial relation of the thalamus, the ___ ___ is the lateral relation

Answer 19

Whereas the third ventricle is the medial relation of the thalamus, the internal capsule is the lateral relation

Question 20

Which section of the thalamus (anterior, medial or lateral) is most important for the basal ganglia + motor pathways?

Answer 20

Anterior, contains the VA and VL nuclei

Question 21

What is the function of the cerebellum

Answer 21

Integrates the sensory and other inputs from the brain and spinal cord to smoothly coordinate ongoing

Question 22

Where is the cerebellum located?

Answer 22

Located in the Posterior Cranial Fossa and Inferior to the tentorium cerebelli

Question 23

what structure divides the 2 cerebellar hemispheres?

Answer 23

The vermis

Question 24

The anterior and posterior lobes are divides by what fissure?

Answer 24

The primary fissure

Question 25

The posterolateral fissure will separate which 2 cerebellar lobes?

Answer 25

Flocculonodular and posterior lobes

Question 26

What is the function of the inferior vermis and the flocculonodular lobes?

Answer 26

Balace ad eye movements

Question 27

The cerebellum lateral to the vermis is responsible for motor ___ and the cerebellum very lateral to the vermis is responsible for ___ ___

Answer 27

The cerebellum lateral to the vermis is responsible for motor control and the cerebellum very lateral to the vermis is responsible for motor planning.

Question 28

Name the 4 deep cerebellar nuclei

Answer 28

Dentate, emboliform, globose and fastigial

Question 29

How do the layout of the 4 deep cerebellar nuclei relate to their function

Answer 29

Dentate = most lateral, therefore is active during motor planning; Emboliform and globose are active during motor actions and Fastigial nuclei project to eh vestibular nuclei

Question 30

What attaches the cerebellum and the midbrain/pons/medulla?

Answer 30

Cerebellar peduncles and fourth ventricle

Question 31

Which lobe is themes inferior?

Answer 31

Flocculonodular

Question 32

What are the names of the 2 cerebellar fissures?

Answer 32

Primary and posterlateral fissures

Question 33

There are 3 cerebellar peduncles, one is for th output, which one is that?

Answer 33

Peduncles =superior, middle and inferior | Superior is for outputs

Question 34

What is the alternate name of the superior cerebellar peduncle?

Answer 34

Brachium conjunctivum

Question 35

What do the superior, middle and inferior peduncles attach to?

Answer 35

Superior is to the inferior colliculus Middle is the the pons Inferior is the midbrain