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MBBS III Sem II > Case 6: Anatomy relevant to MS > Flashcards

Case 6: Anatomy relevant to MS Flashcards

1
Q

Around which structures is the circle of willis located?

A

Optic chiasm the pituitary infundibulum

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2
Q

Which 3 arteries anastomose in the circle of willis?

A

Anterior, posterior and middle cerebral arteries

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3
Q

Where does the ICA originate?

A

Common carotid bifurcation at C4

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4
Q

From what arteries do the vertebral arteries originate?

A

The subclavian arteries

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5
Q

Through which foramina do the vertebral arteries travel?

A

Transverse foramina and formane magnum

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6
Q

Which comunicating artery links the ACA?

A

Anterior commnicating

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7
Q

The PCAs arise from which artery?

A

The basilar artery

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8
Q

What are th 4 segments of the ICA?

A

Cervical segment
Petrous segment
Cavernous segment
Intracranial segment

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9
Q

What are the major branches of the ICA? (OPAAM)

A 
Ophthalmic
Posteiror Communicating
Anterior Cerebral
Anterior communicating
Middle Cerebral
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10
Q

The cortices are supplied by the ___ ___ vessels of the ACA/MCA/PCA

A

Superficial penetrating vessels

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11
Q

What are the names of the 2 branches of the ACA?

A

Pericallosal and Callosomarginal arteries

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12
Q

where does the ACA travel?

A

In the inter hemispheric fissure (over the corpus callous)

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13
Q

What structures does the ACA supply?

A

Medial 2 cm of the frontal and parietal lobes

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14
Q

What are the branches of the MCA?

A

Superior and Inferior

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15
Q

What is the path of the MCA?

A

Through the sylvan fissure > bifurcate > loop of the insulation, operculum and the to the lateral convexity

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16
Q

What does the superior division of theMCA supply?

A

Laterior frontal lobe and peri-Rolandic lobe

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17
Q

What does the inferior division of the MCA supply?

A

Lateral temporal lobe and parietal lobe

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18
Q

What does the PCA supply?

A

Posterior parietal ad occipital lobe

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19
Q

The lateral descending tracts include:

A

The lateral corticosppinal and rubrospinal tracts

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20
Q

The medial descending tracts include:

A

The anterior corticospinal, vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts

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21
Q

Whereas the pre central gyrus controls ____ of muscles, the premotor and supplementary motor ____ the potentials for the ___ of the muscles

A

stimulation of the muscles
organise the potentials
coordination of the muscles

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22
Q

Illustrate the path of the lateral corticospinal tract.

A

Origin: pre central gyrus supplementary and then primary motor –> through the corona radiata and internal capsule __> through the medullary pyramids where 85% of fibres decussate –> through the spinal cord tin the laurel white columns

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23
Q

What other tract modulate the spinothalamic tract?

A

Spinoreticular tract

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24
Q

What is the use of the spinothalamic tract?

A

Pain and temperature

25
Q

What is lissauer’s tract

A

The ascension of the primary order neutrons up 2 segments prior to synapse.

26
Q

Where is the synapse of the primary and secondary order neurons in the spinothalamic tract?

A

Grey mater of the dorsal horn (marginal zone)

27
Q

Where is the decussation of the spinothalamic neutrons?

A

Anterior commissure

28
Q

Whereas th anterior spinothalamic tract carries information regarding ____ & ___, the lateral spinothalamic tract carries information regarding ___ & ___

A 
Anterior = crude touch & pressure
lateral = pain and temperature
29
Q

What does the dorsal column-medial lemniscus carry?

A

Fine touch, proprioception and vibration

30
Q

What is the somatotropin organisation oft he DCML tract?

A

Upper errors are added laterally (get cuneate and gracilis pathways)

31
Q

Where is the decussation o the DCML?

A

Medial lemniscus

32
Q

Where is the synapse of the second and this order neurons of the DCML?

A

Ventro-posterior lateral nucleus

33
Q

What is the fovea?

A

Central fixation of the visual field, highest visual acuity

34
Q

What is the macula?

A

The region of the Gretna surrounding the fovea

35
Q

Where is the optic disc?

A

15 degrees nasal to the fovea

36
Q

What is the optic disc?

A

where the axons leaves the retina to form the optic nerve

37
Q

Compare the functions of rods and cones

A

Rods do not detect colour, cones do detect colour

Rods are for nighttime; cones are for day time

38
Q

What layer of the retina is the deepest?

A

The rods and cones

39
Q

wHAT ARE TEH AMACRINE CELLS?

A

These cells synapse onto adjacent bipolar and ganglion cells in a horizontal mechanism

40
Q

Outline the 2 synapses within the retina

A

Rods/cones onto bipolar cells

Bipolar cells onto ganglion cells

41
Q

The optic nerve passes through which foramen of the skull?

A

Optic canal

42
Q

Outline the path of the RGCs to the Lateral Geniculate body

A

RGCs –> optic disc and optic nerve –> optic canal –> optic chiasm (where fibres will nasal fibres will decussate) –> optic tract –> LGB

43
Q

Why does compression of the optic chasm cause bien-oral hemianopia?

A

As only the nasal fibres decsussate

44
Q

What is the function of teh Lateral Geniculate nucleus?

A

Allos synapse of the optic tract with the thalamus

45
Q

How many layers of the LGN are there and what is their division?

A

6 layers; 2 are for motion and spatial analysis, 4 are for appearance

46
Q

What happens to the fibres that don’t synapse onto the LGN?

A

They form the brachium of the superior colliculus, to synapse onto the superior colliculus and pretectal areas

47
Q

what reflex requires the superior colliculus area?

A

Pupillary reflex

48
Q

Name the 2 optic rdiations

A

Meyer’s loop and Baum’s Loop

49
Q

Why would an infarct of the temporal lobe lead to contralateral homonymous superior quadrantanopia?

A

As the inferior fibres pass through the temporal lobe as Meyer’s Loop

50
Q

Why would an infarct of the parietral lobe lead to contralateral homonymous inferior quadrantanopia?

A

As Baum’s loop passes through the parietal lobe

51
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex?

A

Banks of the calcirine fissure of the occipital lobe

52
Q

Where is the fovea in the primary visual cortex?

A

he occipital pole,

53
Q

Whereas Baum’s loop ends at the ___ bank of the calcarine fissure, Meyer’s loop ends at the ___ bank of the calcarine fissure

A

Superior bank

Inferior bank

54
Q

How does damage to the whole retina manifest?

A

Monocular visual loss

55
Q

How does damage to optic chasm manifest

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

56
Q

How does damage to optic tract and LGN manifest

A

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia

57
Q

How does damage to Meyer’s Loop manifest

A

Contralateral Homonymous Superior hemianopia

58
Q

How does damage to Baum’s Loop manifest

A

Contralateral Homonymous Inferior hemianopia

59
Q

ow does damage to the whole optic radiation manifest?

A

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia

MBBS III Sem II (16 decks)

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