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MBBS III Sem II > Case 6: Anatomy relevant to MS > Flashcards

Case 6: Anatomy relevant to MS Flashcards

1
Q

Around which structures is the circle of willis located?

A

Optic chiasm the pituitary infundibulum

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2
Q

Which 3 arteries anastomose in the circle of willis?

A

Anterior, posterior and middle cerebral arteries

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3
Q

Where does the ICA originate?

A

Common carotid bifurcation at C4

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4
Q

From what arteries do the vertebral arteries originate?

A

The subclavian arteries

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5
Q

Through which foramina do the vertebral arteries travel?

A

Transverse foramina and formane magnum

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6
Q

Which comunicating artery links the ACA?

A

Anterior commnicating

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7
Q

The PCAs arise from which artery?

A

The basilar artery

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8
Q

What are th 4 segments of the ICA?

A

Cervical segment
Petrous segment
Cavernous segment
Intracranial segment

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9
Q

What are the major branches of the ICA? (OPAAM)

A 
Ophthalmic
Posteiror Communicating
Anterior Cerebral
Anterior communicating
Middle Cerebral
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10
Q

The cortices are supplied by the ___ ___ vessels of the ACA/MCA/PCA

A

Superficial penetrating vessels

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11
Q

What are the names of the 2 branches of the ACA?

A

Pericallosal and Callosomarginal arteries

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12
Q

where does the ACA travel?

A

In the inter hemispheric fissure (over the corpus callous)

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13
Q

What structures does the ACA supply?

A

Medial 2 cm of the frontal and parietal lobes

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14
Q

What are the branches of the MCA?

A

Superior and Inferior

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15
Q

What is the path of the MCA?

A

Through the sylvan fissure > bifurcate > loop of the insulation, operculum and the to the lateral convexity

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16
Q

What does the superior division of theMCA supply?

A

Laterior frontal lobe and peri-Rolandic lobe

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17
Q

What does the inferior division of the MCA supply?

A

Lateral temporal lobe and parietal lobe

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18
Q

What does the PCA supply?

A

Posterior parietal ad occipital lobe

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19
Q

The lateral descending tracts include:

A

The lateral corticosppinal and rubrospinal tracts

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20
Q

The medial descending tracts include:

A

The anterior corticospinal, vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts

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21
Q

Whereas the pre central gyrus controls ____ of muscles, the premotor and supplementary motor ____ the potentials for the ___ of the muscles

A

stimulation of the muscles
organise the potentials
coordination of the muscles

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22
Q

Illustrate the path of the lateral corticospinal tract.

A

Origin: pre central gyrus supplementary and then primary motor –> through the corona radiata and internal capsule __> through the medullary pyramids where 85% of fibres decussate –> through the spinal cord tin the laurel white columns

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23
Q

What other tract modulate the spinothalamic tract?

A

Spinoreticular tract

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24
Q

What is the use of the spinothalamic tract?

A

Pain and temperature

25
What is lissauer's tract
The ascension of the primary order neutrons up 2 segments prior to synapse.
26
Where is the synapse of the primary and secondary order neurons in the spinothalamic tract?
Grey mater of the dorsal horn (marginal zone)
27
Where is the decussation of the spinothalamic neutrons?
Anterior commissure
28
Whereas th anterior spinothalamic tract carries information regarding ____ & ___, the lateral spinothalamic tract carries information regarding ___ & ___
``` Anterior = crude touch & pressure lateral = pain and temperature ```
29
What does the dorsal column-medial lemniscus carry?
Fine touch, proprioception and vibration
30
What is the somatotropin organisation oft he DCML tract?
Upper errors are added laterally (get cuneate and gracilis pathways)
31
Where is the decussation o the DCML?
Medial lemniscus
32
Where is the synapse of the second and this order neurons of the DCML?
Ventro-posterior lateral nucleus
33
What is the fovea?
Central fixation of the visual field, highest visual acuity
34
What is the macula?
The region of the Gretna surrounding the fovea
35
Where is the optic disc?
15 degrees nasal to the fovea
36
What is the optic disc?
where the axons leaves the retina to form the optic nerve
37
Compare the functions of rods and cones
Rods do not detect colour, cones do detect colour | Rods are for nighttime; cones are for day time
38
What layer of the retina is the deepest?
The rods and cones
39
wHAT ARE TEH AMACRINE CELLS?
These cells synapse onto adjacent bipolar and ganglion cells in a horizontal mechanism
40
Outline the 2 synapses within the retina
Rods/cones onto bipolar cells | Bipolar cells onto ganglion cells
41
The optic nerve passes through which foramen of the skull?
Optic canal
42
Outline the path of the RGCs to the Lateral Geniculate body
RGCs --> optic disc and optic nerve --> optic canal --> optic chiasm (where fibres will nasal fibres will decussate) --> optic tract --> LGB
43
Why does compression of the optic chasm cause bien-oral hemianopia?
As only the nasal fibres decsussate
44
What is the function of teh Lateral Geniculate nucleus?
Allos synapse of the optic tract with the thalamus
45
How many layers of the LGN are there and what is their division?
6 layers; 2 are for motion and spatial analysis, 4 are for appearance
46
What happens to the fibres that don't synapse onto the LGN?
They form the brachium of the superior colliculus, to synapse onto the superior colliculus and pretectal areas
47
what reflex requires the superior colliculus area?
Pupillary reflex
48
Name the 2 optic rdiations
Meyer's loop and Baum's Loop
49
Why would an infarct of the temporal lobe lead to contralateral homonymous superior quadrantanopia?
As the inferior fibres pass through the temporal lobe as Meyer's Loop
50
Why would an infarct of the parietral lobe lead to contralateral homonymous inferior quadrantanopia?
As Baum's loop passes through the parietal lobe
51
Where is the primary visual cortex?
Banks of the calcirine fissure of the occipital lobe
52
Where is the fovea in the primary visual cortex?
he occipital pole,
53
Whereas Baum's loop ends at the ___ bank of the calcarine fissure, Meyer's loop ends at the ___ bank of the calcarine fissure
Superior bank | Inferior bank
54
How does damage to the whole retina manifest?
Monocular visual loss
55
How does damage to optic chasm manifest
Bitemporal hemianopia
56
How does damage to optic tract and LGN manifest
Contralateral homonymous hemianopia
57
How does damage to Meyer's Loop manifest
Contralateral Homonymous Superior hemianopia
58
How does damage to Baum's Loop manifest
Contralateral Homonymous Inferior hemianopia
59
ow does damage to the whole optic radiation manifest?
Contralateral homonymous hemianopia

MBBS III Sem II (16 decks)

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