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SF1 3 > Cartilage/Bone Histology > Flashcards

Cartilage/Bone Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Three components of the connective tissue cartilage

A

Cells, fibers, and matrix

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2
Q

Cells which produce and maintain cartilage

A

chondrocytes

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3
Q

Precursor to chondrocytes

A

chondroblasts

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4
Q

Two types of fibers typically found in cartilage

A

collagen or elastic fibers

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5
Q

Two components of extracellular matrix found around cartilage

A

hyaluronic acid and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

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6
Q

What can be said about the nutrient supply to cartilage?

A

the tissue is avascular

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7
Q

Three functions of cartilage

A

1) provides support for soft tissues
2) resists compression, acting as a shock absorber
3) template for bone development

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8
Q

Three types of cartilage

A

1) hyaline
2) elastic
3) fibrocartilage

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9
Q

Found in the developing skeleton of an embryo. Makes up the epiphysial plate (growth plate) of growing bones. Found in the respiratory tract and also called articular cartilage.

A

Hyaline cartilage

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10
Q

Type of cartilage found in the ear, epiglottis, and eustachian tube.

A

Elastic cartilage

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11
Q

Type of cartilage found in intervertebral disks, meniscus of the knee, mandible, sternoclavicular joints, and the pubic symphysis

A

fibrocartilage

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12
Q

Structure containing capillaries to supply chondrocytes of avascular matrix with nutrients

A

fibrous perichondrium

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13
Q

What type of connective tissue is the fibrous layer of the perichondrium?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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14
Q

Most common type of cartilage

A

hyaline

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15
Q

Cartilage type with glassy appearance. Features type II collagen, proteoglycans, and water. Resists compression and provides a smooth surface for joints. Has a perichondrium layer.

A

Hyaline Carilage

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16
Q

What is different about the articular cartilage subtype of hyaline cartilage?

A

It has no perichondrium (in general, no perichondrium if next to bone/joint)

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17
Q

Types of cartilage growth (2)

A

1) appositional growth

2) interstitial growth

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18
Q

cartilage growth type where cells from the inner layer of perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts. Matrix is deposited next to existing matrix.

A

Appositional growth

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19
Q

cartilage growth type where growth of chondroblasts by mitosis occurs within the cartilage matrix. New territorial matrix is deposited. Forms isogenous (all formed through division of a single progenitor cell) groups

A

interstitial growth

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20
Q

Cartilage type with fibers which make it much more flexible so it can bend without breaking. The matrix has collagen II and it is surrounded by perichondrium

A

Elastic cartilage

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21
Q

Cartilage type which has Type I and II collagen in a dense regular pattern. Cells (chondrocytes and fibroblasts) grow in rows. Provides tensile strength to resist compression and stretching. No perichondrium

A

fibrocartilage

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22
Q

Appearance of cartilage on x-ray

A

Radiolucent (black)

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23
Q

Functions of bone (5)

A

1) weight bearing
2) attachments for muscle
3) protection for internal organs
4) site of hematopoiesis
5) reservoir for minerals

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24
Q

unmineralized, organic portion of the bone matrix that forms prior to the maturation of bone tissue

A

Osteoid

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25
Q

Components of osteoids (3)

A

1) Type 1 Collagen Fibers
2) proteoglycans
3) Non-collagenous proteins

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26
Q

Non-collagenous proteins in osteoids (4)

A

1) osteopontin
2) osteocalcin
3) osteonectin
4) bone sialoprotein

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27
Q

Inorganic component of bones

A

Hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate)

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28
Q

Proximal and distal ends of the long bones adjacent to physis (growth plate) or physis remnant (epiphyseal line)

A

epiphysis

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29
Q

Region adjacent to growth plate where bone deposition occurs

A

metaphysis

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30
Q

Shaft of the bone. Has medullary cavity with marrow.

A

diaphysis

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31
Q

Dense bone on the outside of long bones. Arrange in lamellae (osteons)

A

Compact bone

32
Q

Less dense bone which lines marrow cavities and at the ends of long bones. Arranged in trabeculae (spicules) to create more surface area.

A

Cancellous (spongy or trabecular) bone

33
Q

Contains concentric layers of cells (lamellae) and matrix around a central canal. Bone type

A

compact bone

34
Q

Contains irregular arrangement of cells and matrix forming trabeculae. Bone type.

A

Cancellous bone

35
Q

series of microscopic tubes in the outermost region of bone called cortical bone that allow blood vessels and nerves to travel through them

A

haversian canal

36
Q

Composed of the lamellae (rings) surrounding a haversial canal and the canal itself. Maintained by a single capillary in haversian canal.

A

Osteon (Haversian System)

37
Q

Osteons run lengthwise of widthwise in a bone?

A

lengthwise

38
Q

Found on the outer and inner surface of compact bone

A

Circumferential lamellae

39
Q

Partial osteons in the middle of the compact bone. Remnants of former osteons from remodeling process

A

Interstitial lamellae

40
Q

Canal that runs transversely across the long axis of the bone (across width). Carry capillaries that interconnect longitudinal haversian capillaries or carry capillaries into the bone from periosteum

A

Volkmann’s Canal

41
Q

Stem cells that give rise to osteoblasts.

A

Osteoprogenitor Cells

42
Q

Where are osteoprogenitor cells found?

A

Line the bone in the periosteum and endosteum

43
Q

Cuboidal epithelial like cells. Form new bone. Secrete osteoid and contribute to mineralization.

A

Osteoblasts

44
Q

Osteoblasts that become trapped in osteoid. Reside lacunae. Highly branched cells with processes connected to others (of the same cell type) through canaliculi. Contribute to Ca2+ homeostasis

A

Osteocytes

45
Q

Multinucleated osteoclasts are derived from what cell lineage?

A

monocytes

46
Q

What reside in Howship’s lacunae (small cavities in degrading bone)

A

osteoclasts

47
Q

How do osteoclasts breakdown bones during remodeling?

A

Create acidic environment that causes demineralization (H+-ATPase). The organic components are degraded enzymatically.

48
Q

True/False: Osteoclasts are hormone sensitive?

A

true

49
Q

Single layer of cells lining inner bony surfaces

A

endosteum

50
Q

Two mechanisms of bone formation

A

1) intramembranous

2) endochondral

51
Q

Bone formation mechanism where it forms directly in the mesenchyme and drives appositional growth of long bones (widens them). Process used to form skull, parts of mandible and clavicles

A

intramembranous

52
Q

Bone formation mechanism in which it forms in a cartilage template. This is the process used to form long bones.

A

Endochondral

53
Q

What do both bone formation mechanisms begin with?

A

Forming trabeculae of spongy bone. Later it’s remodeled into compact bone.

54
Q

Pluripotent stem cells which can form fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts

A

Mesenchymal cells

55
Q

What do aggregates of mesenchymal cells differentiate into in intramembranous ossification

A

osteoblasts

56
Q

Intramembranous ossification. Osteoblasts secrete osteoid to form what?

A

ossification center

57
Q

In intramembranous ossification, ossification centers enlarge and fuse to form…

A

trabeculae.

They then continue to enlarge by appositional growth and calcium phosphate is deposited in the osteoid.

58
Q

Why does the medullary cavity expand in appositional growth?

A

osteoclasts break down the inside

59
Q

Bones of the extremities, vertebral column and pelvis grow with which mechanism?

A

endochondral ossification

60
Q

What forms first in endochondral ossification?

A

hyaline cartilage template

61
Q

[Endochondral Ossification] Chondrocytes at the site of a _____ _____ _____ secrete factors that induce the growth of blood vessels from the perichondrium.

A

primary ossification center

62
Q

What happens to chondrocytes as the matrix calcifies in endochondral ossification

A

apoptosis

63
Q

Interstitial growth of the cartilage increases…. (Endochondral ossification)

A

the length of the template

64
Q

Where does cartilage remain after maturation of bones (2)

A

1) articular surface

2) epiphyseal plate

65
Q

First bone formed is immature or _____ bone. Collagen fibers in random orientation, more ground substance, less mineralization.

A

woven bone

66
Q

When does dense immature woven bone get remodeled into mature lamellar bone? Here you see formation of lamellae with collage fibers in regular spiral bundles.

A

Begins after birth and completed by 4 years age.

67
Q

This type of bone is seen in rapid bone growth (ex: healing fracture), resists forces in all directions and is always pathologic in adults.

A

woven bone

68
Q

This type of bone has ordered collagen deposition and is stronger than other types.

A

lamellar bone

69
Q

After the ossification of the cartilage template is complete ,all increase in length takes place at the _____ _____

A

epiphyseal plate

70
Q

When is the epiphyseal plate sealed and no further increase in length occurs

A

puberty

71
Q

Reduced osteoclast activity results in too much bone

A

osteopetrosis

72
Q

Too much degradation of bone and not enough deposition causes weakness

A

osteoporosis

73
Q

Immediate response to a bone fracture

A

blood clot

74
Q

Infiltration of which cells (2) from the periosteum create a bone callus after the blood clots

A

fibroblasts and osteoprogenitor cells

75
Q

In bone repair, what do progenitor cells far and near blood vessels differentiate into, respectively.

A

Far: differentiate into chondroblasts and form cartilage scaffold

Near: osteoblasts and convert cartilage to woven bone. The woven bone later becomes lamellar bone

SF1 3 (8 decks)

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