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cards/hyperlipidemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary risk factor associated with hyperlipidemia?
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Cardiovascular disease
C. Hypertension
D. Obesity

A

B. Cardiovascular disease

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2
Q

Which lipids are commonly elevated in hyperlipidemia?
A. LDL only
B. HDL only
C. Triglycerides only
D. LDL, HDL, or triglycerides

A

LDL, HDL, or triglycerides

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3
Q

What is the threshold for total cholesterol levels that increases the risk of coronary artery disease?
A. > 200 mg/dL
B. > 220 mg/dL
C. > 240 mg/dL
D. > 260 mg/dL

A

C. > 240 mg/dL

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4
Q
  1. Which of the following is a primary risk factor for hyperlipidemia?
    A. Smoking
    B. Regular exercise
    C. Low BMI
    D. High-fiber diet
A

A. Smoking

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5
Q

Which statin is considered high-intensity therapy for hyperlipidemia?
A. Simvastatin 20 mg
B. Rosuvastatin 10 mg
C. Atorvastatin 40 mg
D. Pravastatin 20 mg

A

C. Atorvastatin 40 mg

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5
Q

What is the primary goal of pharmacologic management in hyperlipidemia?
A. Increase triglyceride levels
B. Lower LDL cholesterol
C. Increase HDL cholesterol
D. Maintain current lipid levels

A

B. Lower LDL cholesterol

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6
Q
  1. What diagnostic test is crucial to monitor for statin-associated muscle symptoms?
    A. Serum electrolytes
    B. Complete blood count
    C. Liver function tests
    D. Creatine kinase levels
A

D. Creatine kinase levels

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7
Q

What is the recommended initial approach to manage hyperlipidemia?
A. Lifestyle modifications
B. Immediate pharmacotherapy
C. Surgical intervention
D. No intervention is required

A

A. Lifestyle modifications

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8
Q
  1. What is a potential complication of untreated hyperlipidemia?
    A. Osteoporosis
    B. Type 1 diabetes
    C. Cardiovascular disease
    D. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
A

C. Cardiovascular disease

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9
Q

Which dietary approach is recommended to manage hyperlipidemia?
A. High-fat diet
B. Low-carbohydrate diet
C. Mediterranean diet
D. Protein-rich diet

A

C. Mediterranean diet

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10
Q

Which of the following medications is commonly used to lower triglyceride levels?
A. Statins
B. Ezetimibe
C. Fibrates
D. Bile acid sequestrants

A

C. Fibrates

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11
Q

What is the primary role of statins in the management of hyperlipidemia?
A. Lowering triglycerides
B. Increasing HDL cholesterol
C. Reducing LDL cholesterol
D. Regulating blood glucose levels

A

C. Reducing LDL cholesterol

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12
Q

Which lipoprotein is considered “bad cholesterol” in hyperlipidemia?
A. HDL
B. LDL
C. VLDL
D. Chylomicrons

A

B. LDL

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13
Q

What is the recommended approach if a patient is intolerant to statins due to muscle symptoms?
A. Increase statin dose
B. Switch to a different statin
C. Discontinue all lipid-lowering therapy
D. No action needed

A

B. Switch to a different statin

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14
Q

Which diagnostic study helps in assessing cardiovascular risk in hyperlipidemia?
A. Echocardiography
B. Exercise stress test
C. ASCVD Risk Estimator
D. CT angiography

A

C. ASCVD Risk Estimator

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15
Q

. What is the primary purpose of monitoring liver function tests in patients on statin therapy?
A. To detect muscle symptoms
B. To monitor for liver toxicity
C. To assess kidney function
D. To check lipid levels

A

B. To monitor for liver toxicity

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16
Q

. Which lifestyle modification is recommended for managing hyperlipidemia?
A. Smoking cessation
B. Regular exercise
C. High-fiber diet
D. all the above

A

D. all the above

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17
Q

Which of the following conditions is NOT a secondary cause of hyperlipidemia?
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Hypothyroidism
C. Metabolic syndrome
D. High-fiber diet

A

D. High-fiber diet

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18
Q

What is the goal of using bile acid sequestrants in hyperlipidemia management?
A. Increase LDL cholesterol
B. Decrease HDL cholesterol
C. Lower triglyceride levels
D. Raise total cholesterol

A

C. Lower triglyceride levels

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19
Q

Which lipid abnormality is characteristic of familial hypercholesterolemia?
A. Elevated LDL cholesterol
B. Low HDL cholesterol
C. Elevated triglycerides
D. Normal lipid profile

A

A. Elevated LDL cholesterol

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20
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action of statins?
A. Inhibition of cholesterol absorption
B. Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis
C. Promotion of triglyceride synthesis
D. Promotion of HDL production

A

B. Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis

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21
Q

Which demographic group has a higher prevalence of hyperlipidemia?
A. Children
B. Elderly
C. Pregnant women
D. Middle-aged adults

A

B. Elderly

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22
Q

What is the primary dietary recommendation for lowering LDL cholesterol?
A. High-sodium diet
B. Low-fat diet
C. Low-sugar diet
D. High-protein diet

A

B. Low-fat diet

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23
Q

. Which medication class is commonly used as first-line therapy for hyperlipidemia?
A. Beta-blockers
B. ACE inhibitors
C. Statins
D. Diuretics

A

C. Statins

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24
Q

Which lipid parameter is a marker for atherogenic risk in hyperlipidemia?
A. LDL cholesterol
B. HDL cholesterol
C. Triglycerides
D. Total cholesterol

A

A. LDL cholesterol

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25
Q

. Which statin is commonly associated with a lower risk of muscle symptoms?
A. Atorvastatin
B. Simvastatin
C. Rosuvastatin
D. Pravastatin

A

D. Pravastatin

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26
Q

What is the primary concern when using fibrates in hyperlipidemia management?
A. Muscle symptoms
B. Liver toxicity
C. Gallstones
D. Pancreatitis

A

D. Pancreatitis

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27
Q

. Which medication is used to enhance cholesterol excretion in hyperlipidemia?
A. Fibrates
B. Ezetimibe
C. Statins
D. Bile acid sequestrants

A

B. Ezetimibe

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28
Q

. What is the main advantage of using high-intensity statins in hyperlipidemia?
A. Lower risk of side effects
B. Higher LDL reduction
C. Easier dosing schedule
D. Better liver function

A

B. Higher LDL reduction

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29
Q

What is the recommended duration for initial statin therapy trial before evaluating tolerability?
A. 1 week
B. 1 month
C. 3 months
D. 6 months

A

C. 3 months

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30
Q

Which condition requires immediate treatment in hyperlipidemia management to reduce cardiovascular risk?
A. Elevated HDL cholesterol
B. Normal LDL cholesterol
C. High triglycerides
D. High LDL cholesterol

A

D. High LDL cholesterol

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31
Q

What is the recommended action if a patient experiences myopathy symptoms on statin therapy?
A. Increase statin dose
B. Switch to a different statin
C. Discontinue all lipid-lowering therapy
D. No action needed

A

B. Switch to a different statin

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32
Q

Which medication is used to enhance cholesterol excretion in hyperlipidemia?
A. Fibrates
B. Ezetimibe
C. Statins
D. Bile acid sequestrants

A

B. Ezetimibe

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33
Q

What is the main advantage of using high-intensity statins in hyperlipidemia?
A. Lower risk of side effects
B. Higher LDL reduction
C. Easier dosing schedule
D. Better liver function

A

B. Higher LDL reduction

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34
Q

Which condition requires immediate treatment in hyperlipidemia management to reduce cardiovascular risk?
A. Elevated HDL cholesterol
B. Normal LDL cholesterol
C. High triglycerides
D. High LDL cholesterol

A

D. High LDL cholesterol

35
Q

Which laboratory test is used to monitor for statin-induced liver toxicity?
A. Lipid panel
B. Liver function tests
C. Creatine kinase levels
D. Troponin levels

A

B. Liver function tests

36
Q

Which lipid abnormality is a significant risk factor for acute coronary syndrome?
A. High HDL cholesterol
B. Low LDL cholesterol
C. High triglycerides
D. Low total cholesterol

A

C. High triglycerides

37
Q

What is the primary benefit of combining statins with ezetimibe in hyperlipidemia management?
A. Higher LDL reduction
B. Lower triglyceride levels
C. Better tolerability
D. Decreased liver toxicity

A

A. Higher LDL reduction

38
Q

Which lifestyle modification is crucial for managing hyperlipidemia?
A. Sedentary lifestyle
B. High-sugar diet
C. Regular exercise
D. Low-fiber diet

A

C. Regular exercise

39
Q

What is the primary role of ezetimibe in hyperlipidemia management?
A. Inhibit cholesterol absorption
B. Enhance triglyceride synthesis
C. Increase HDL cholesterol
D. Promote liver function

A

A. Inhibit cholesterol absorption

40
Q

What is the role of bile acid sequestrants in hyperlipidemia management?
A. Increase LDL cholesterol
B. Decrease HDL cholesterol
C. Lower triglycerides
D. Bind bile acids

A

D. Bind bile acids

41
Q

What is the first-line pharmacologic therapy for familial hypercholesterolemia?
A. Fibrates
B. Statins
C. Ezetimibe
D. Bile acid sequestrants

A

B. Statins

42
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action of fibrates in hyperlipidemia management?
A. Inhibit cholesterol absorption
B. Enhance cholesterol excretion
C. Lower triglyceride levels
D. Increase HDL cholesterol

A

C. Lower triglyceride levels

43
Q

Which medication class is used for patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia?
A. Statins
B. Ezetimibe
C. Fibrates
D. Bile acid sequestrants

A

C. Fibrates

43
Q

What is the primary goal of treating hyperlipidemia?
A. Increase LDL cholesterol
B. Lower HDL cholesterol
C. Decrease triglycerides
D. Reduce cardiovascular risk

A

D. Reduce cardiovascular risk

44
Q

Which lipid parameter is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease?
A. High HDL cholesterol
B. Low LDL cholesterol
C. High triglycerides
D. Elevated total cholesterol

A

A. High HDL cholesterol

45
Q

What is the main reason for regular monitoring of lipid levels in hyperlipidemia management?
A. Assess liver function
B. Evaluate kidney function
C. Adjust medication dosages
D. Measure treatment effectiveness

A

D. Measure treatment effectiveness

46
Q

What is the primary concern with untreated hyperlipidemia?
A. Weight loss
B. Cardiovascular disease
C. Type 2 diabetes
D. Hypertension

A

B. Cardiovascular disease

47
Q

What is the recommended frequency of follow-up visits for patients with hyperlipidemia?
A. Every 6 months
B. Annually
C. Biannually
D. Quarterly

A

A. Every 6 months

47
Q

Which medication class requires monitoring of creatine kinase levels due to muscle symptoms?
A. Statins
B. Ezetimibe
C. Fibrates
D. Bile acid sequestrants

A

A. Statins

48
Q

Which variables are included in the calculation of ASCVD risk?
A. Age, race, gender, total cholesterol, HDL, blood pressure, diabetes, smoking
B. Weight, height, BMI, family history, blood pressure, HDL, LDL
C. Alcohol consumption, exercise, diet, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL
D. Sodium intake, potassium intake, blood pressure, HDL, LDL

A

Age, race, gender, total cholesterol, HDL, blood pressure, diabetes, smoking

49
Q

What total cholesterol level increases the likelihood of coronary artery disease threefold?
A. >200 mg/dL
B. >250 mg/dL
C. >259 mg/dL
D. >300 mg/dL

A

C. >259 mg/dL

50
Q

Which condition is a secondary etiology for hyperlipidemia?
A. Genetics
B. Obesity
C. Lifestyle
D. Metabolic syndrome

A

B. Obesity

51
Q

Which medication can aggravate hyperlipidemia?
A. Corticosteroids
B. ACE inhibitors
C. Beta-blockers
D. NSAIDs

A

A. Corticosteroids

52
Q

. What is the desirable level for HDL cholesterol?
A. <40 mg/dL
B. >40 mg/dL
C. <50 mg/dL
D. >50 mg/dL

A

D. >50 mg/dL

53
Q

Which of the following is NOT a common physical exam finding in hyperlipidemia?
A. Corneal arcus
B. Lipid deposits under the eyes
C. Carotid bruits
D. Hypertension

A

D. Hypertension

54
Q

Which group is NOT one of the four risk groups for hyperlipidemia?
A. ASCVD patients
B. Patients with LDL > 190
C. Diabetics aged 40-75 with LDL between 70-189
D. Patients with triglycerides > 150

A

Patients with triglycerides > 150

55
Q

What is the primary goal of hyperlipidemia management?
A. Lower HDL
B. Lower LDL
C. Increase triglycerides
D. Increase total cholesterol

A

B. Lower LDL

56
Q

Which statin is considered high-intensity?
A. Atorvastatin 10 mg
B. Rosuvastatin 10 mg
C. Atorvastatin 40 mg
D. Simvastatin 20 mg

A

C. Atorvastatin 40 mg

57
Q

What should be checked in African-American men before starting statin therapy?
A. Blood pressure
B. Creatinine kinase (CK)
C. Blood glucose
D. Liver function tests (LFTs)

A

B. Creatinine kinase (CK)

57
Q

Which side effect is commonly associated with statin use?
A. Hypertension
B. Myalgia
C. Hyperglycemia
D. Constipation

A

B. Myalgia

58
Q

What is a severe muscle-related side effect of statins?
A. Myopathy
B. Rhabdomyolysis
C. Tendonitis
D. Osteoporosis

A

B. Rhabdomyolysis

59
Q

Which add-on agent is preferred for hyperlipidemia if statin intolerance occurs?
A. Fibrates
B. Bile sequestrants
C. Cholesterol absorption inhibitors (e.g., Zetia)
D. Fish oil

A

C. Cholesterol absorption inhibitors (e.g., Zetia)

60
Q

What dietary recommendation is often made for patients with hyperlipidemia?
A. High saturated fat diet
B. Low carbohydrate diet
C. Plant-based diet
D. High protein diet

A

C. Plant-based diet

60
Q

Which condition is an indication for referral to a cardiologist for hyperlipidemia management?
A. Treatment goal not met
B. Mild hyperlipidemia
C. Absence of symptoms
D. Controlled diabetes

A

A. Treatment goal not met

61
Q

. Which medication class can help with the management of high triglycerides in hyperlipidemia?
A. ACE inhibitors
B. Fibrates
C. Beta-blockers
D. Diuretics

A

B. Fibrates

62
Q

Which lab test is essential in assessing hyperlipidemia?
A. Complete blood count (CBC)
B. Lipid panel
C. Urinalysis
D. Serum electrolytes

A

B. Lipid panel

63
Q

What is the primary target of lipid-lowering therapy in hyperlipidemia?
A. Total cholesterol
B. HDL cholesterol
C. LDL cholesterol
D. Triglycerides

A

C. LDL cholesterol

64
Q

. What condition may present with lipid deposits under the eyes in hyperlipidemia?
A. Xanthelasma
B. Melasma
C. Rosacea
D. Psoriasis

A

A. Xanthelasma

65
Q

Which lipid parameter is typically elevated in familial hypercholesterolemia?
A. Total cholesterol
B. HDL cholesterol
C. LDL cholesterol
D. Triglycerides

A

C. LDL cholesterol

66
Q

What is a common physical exam finding in patients with hyperlipidemia?
A. Corneal arcus
B. Jaundice
C. Cyanosis
D. Pallor

A

A. Corneal arcus

67
Q

Which cholesterol level is considered high?
A. Total cholesterol < 200 mg/dL
B. HDL cholesterol > 60 mg/dL
C. LDL cholesterol > 190 mg/dL
D. Triglycerides < 150 mg/dL

A

C. LDL cholesterol > 190 mg/dL

68
Q

What is the function of HDL cholesterol?
A. Transport cholesterol to tissues
B. Remove cholesterol from tissues
C. Increase LDL levels
D. Decrease triglycerides

A

B. Remove cholesterol from tissues

69
Q

Which dietary component is recommended to be reduced for managing hyperlipidemia?
A. Saturated fat
B. Protein
C. Fiber
D. Carbohydrates

A

A. Saturated fat

69
Q

What is the primary goal of managing hyperlipidemia?
A. Preventing weight gain
B. Reducing cardiovascular risk
C. Increasing muscle mass
D. Reducing anxiety

A

B. Reducing cardiovascular risk

70
Q

. Which medication is commonly used for patients who cannot tolerate statins?
A. ACE inhibitors
B. Beta-blockers
C. Ezetimibe (Zetia)
D. Diuretics

A

C. Ezetimibe (Zetia)

71
Q

Which test is important to monitor in patients on statin therapy?
A. Liver function tests (LFTs)
B. Complete blood count (CBC)
C. Urinalysis
D. Serum electrolytes

A

A. Liver function tests (LFTs)

72
Q

Which agent is used to lower cholesterol in patients with liver disease?
A. Statins
B. Bile acid sequestrants
C. Fibrates
D. Fish oil

A

B. Bile acid sequestrants

73
Q

Which condition should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hyperlipidemia?
A. Hyperthyroidism
B. Hypothyroidism
C. Hyperglycemia
D. Hypoglycemia

A

B. Hypothyroidism

74
Q

Which physical exam finding may indicate chronic hyperlipidemia?
A. Xanthelasma
B. Cyanosis
C. Clubbing
D. Splinter hemorrhages

A

A. Xanthelasma

75
Q

. What is the impact of excessive alcohol intake on lipid levels?
A. Increase HDL
B. Decrease LDL
C. Increase triglycerides
D. Decrease total cholesterol

A

C. Increase triglycerides

76
Q

Which lipid parameter is typically elevated in metabolic syndrome?
A. Total cholesterol
B. HDL cholesterol
C. LDL cholesterol
D. Triglycerides

A

D. Triglycerides

77
Q

. What is a potential side effect of fish oil supplements?
A. Dyspepsia
B. Hypertension
C. Hyperglycemia
D. Anemia

A

A. Dyspepsia

78
Q

Which medication is a monoclonal antibody used to lower cholesterol?
A. Atorvastatin
B. Ezetimibe
C. Repatha
D. Rosuvastatin

A

C. Repatha

79
Q

What is a common physical finding in patients with severe hyperlipidemia?
A. Hepatomegaly
B. Splenomegaly
C. Tendon xanthomas
D. Petechiae

A

C. Tendon xanthomas

exam 2 (9 decks)

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