CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM - HEART Flashcards
The right side of the heart pumps and carries blood to the lungs, where carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the lungs and oxygen diffuses from the lungs into the blood and returns the blood to the left side of the heart.
pulmonary circulation
The left side of the heart then pumps blood and delivers oxygen and nutrients to all the remaining tissues of the body. From those tissues, carbon dioxide and other waste products are carried back to the right side of the heart (
systemic circulation
FUNTIONS OF THE HEART
- Generating blood pressure
- Routing blood
- Ensuring one-way blood flow
- Regulating blood supply
average mass of heart in males
300 g
average mass of heart in females
250 g
The heart generally decreases in size after
approximately age
65
(T/F) It is larger in physically active adults than in
other healthy adults, especially in people who are not physically
active.
T
blunt, rounded point of the heart
apex
larger, flat part at the opposite end of the heart
base
The heart is located in the
mediastinum
a midline partition of the thoracic cavity that also contains
the trachea, the esophagus, the thymus, and associated structures
mediastinum
The base of
the heart is located deep to the sternum and extends to the
second
intercostal space
The apex is located deep to the
fifth intercostal space, approximately 7–9 centimeters (cm) to the left of the sternum and medial to the midclavicular line, a perpendicular line that extends down from the middle of the clavicle.
emergency procedure that maintains blood flow in
the body if a person’s heart stops.
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
The person firmly presses down on the sternum at a rate
of at least
100 compressions per minute
an inflammation of the serous
pericardium.
Pericarditis
potentially fatal condition in which a large volume of fluid or blood accumulates in the pericardial cavity and compresses the heart from the outside.
Cardiac tamponade
a double-layered, closed sac that surrounds the heart
pericardium or pericardial sac
Two layers of pericardium
fibrous pericardium and inner
serous pericardium
a tough, fibrous
connective tissue layer that prevents overdistension of the heart
and anchors it within the mediastinum; continuous with the connective tissue coverings of the great vessels, and inferiorly it is attached to the surface of the diaphragm
fibrous pericardium
a layer of
simple squamous epithelium
serous pericardium
The serous pericardium is further divided into two parts:
parietal pericardium - lines the fibrous pericardium
visceral pericardium, or epicardium - covers the heart surface
The space
between the visceral and parietal pericardia is the
pericardial cavity
pericardial cavity is filled with a thin layer of serous
pericardial fluid
helps reduce friction as the heart moves within the
pericardial sac
pericardial fluid
The heart wall is composed of three layers of tissue:
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
the superficial layer of the heart wall; a thin serous membrane
that constitutes the smooth, outer surface of the heart
epicardium or visceral pericardium
the thick, middle layer of the heart; It is composed of cardiac muscle cells
and is responsible for the heart’s ability to contract.
myocardium
deep to the myocardium, it consists of
simple squamous epithelium over a layer of connective tissue; forms the smooth, inner surface of the heart chambers, which allows blood to move easily through the heart; covers the surfaces of the heart valves
endocardium
the interior of both auricles and a part of the
right atrial wall contain muscular ridges called
pectinate muscles
The pectinate muscles of the right atrium are separated from the larger, smooth portions of the atrial wall by a ridge
called the
crista terminalis
The interior walls of the ventricles contain larger, muscular ridges
and columns called
trabeculae carneae
The heart consists of four chambers:
R/L/two atria (thin walled)
R/L/two ventricles (Thick-walled)
carry blood from the body to the right atrium
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
carries blood from the walls of the heart
to the right atrium
smaller coronary sinus
carry blood from the
lungs to the left atrium
Four pulmonary veins
Blood leaves the ventricles of the heart through two arteries: “the great arteries”
pulmonary trunk and aorta
carries blood
from the left ventricle to the body.
aorta
consists of blood vessels that carry
blood to and from the tissues of the heart wall.
coronary circulation
runs obliquely around the heart,
separating the atria from the ventricles.
coronary sulcus
on the anterior surface of the heart, extending from the coronary sulcus toward the apex of the heart
anterior interventricular
sulcus
on the posterior surface of the heart, extending from the
coronary sulcus toward the apex of the heart
posterior interventricular sulcus
(T/F) In a healthy, intact heart, the sulci are covered by adipose tissue, and
only after this tissue is removed can they be seen
T
The left coronary artery has three major branches:
anterior interventricular artery
left marginal artery
circumflex artery
two major branches of the right coronary artery
right marginal artery
posterior interventricular artery
direct connections between arteries
anastamoses
drains blood from the left side of the heart
great
cardiac vein
drains the right margin of the heart
small
cardiac vein
These veins converge toward the posterior part of the coronary
sulcus and empty into a large venous cavity called the
coronary sinus
The right atrium has three major openings:
The openings from
the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava receive blood
from the body, and the opening of the coronary sinus r
The left atrium has four
relatively uniform openings
from the four pulmonary veins that
receive blood from the lungs
The right and left atria are separated from each other by the
wall of tissue called the
interatrial septum
a slight, oval depression on the right side of the
interatrial septum marking the former location of the foramen
ovale (ō-va′lē), an opening between the right and left atria in the
embryo and the fetus
fossa ovalis
The atria open into the ventricles through
atrioventricular canals
. The two ventricles are separated from each other by the
interventricular septum
(T/F) The wall of
the left ventricle is much thicker than the wall of the right ventricle
T - The thicker wall of the ventricle allows for stronger
contractions to pump blood through the systemic circulation.
is in each atrioventricular canal and is
composed of cusps, or flaps. Atrioventricular valves ensure blood
flows from the atria into the ventricles, preventing blood from flowing back into the atria
atrioventricular valve
The atrioventricular valve between the right
atrium and the right ventricle is called the
tricuspid valve
he atrioventricular valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle is called the
bicuspid valve
These muscles are attached
to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by thin, strong connective
tissue strings called
chordae tendineae
contract when the ventricles contract and prevent the valves from opening into the atria by pulling on the chordae tendineae attached to the valve cusps.
papillary muscles
