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ANAPHY LECTURE > CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM - BLOOD > Flashcards

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM - BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

Blood helps maintain homeostasis in several ways:

A
  1. Transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products
  2. Transport of processed molecules
  3. Transport of regulatory molecules
  4. Regulation of pH and osmosis
  5. Maintenance of body temperature
  6. Protection against foreign substances
  7. Clot formation.
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2
Q

a type of connective tissue consisting of a liquid matrix
containing cells and cell fragments

A

Blood

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3
Q

the liquid matrix

A

plasma (55%)

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4
Q

formed elements

A

cells and cell fragments (45%)

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5
Q

The total blood volume in the average adult

A

4–5 L in females and 5–6 L in males

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6
Q

makes up about 8% of the total weight of the body

A

blood

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7
Q

a pale-yellow fluid that consists of about 91% water and 9% other substances, such as proteins, ions, nutrients, gases, waste products, and regulatory substances

A

plasma

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8
Q

a liquid
containing suspended substances that do not settle out of solution

A

colloid

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9
Q

make
up about 7% of the volume of plasma

A

plasma proteins

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10
Q

plasma proteins can be classified into
three groups:

A

Albumin - 58% of the plasma proteins and is important in regulating
the movement of water between the tissues and the blood; Partly responsible for blood viscosity and osmotic pressure; acts as a buffer; transports fatty acids, free bilirubin,
and thyroid hormones

Globulins - 38% of the plasma proteins that function in transporting many substances in the blood as well as protecting against microorganisms

Fibrinogen - 4% of the plasma proteins and is responsible for the formation of blood clots

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11
Q

plasma without the clotting factors

A

serum

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12
Q

(T/F) plasma volume remains relatively constant

A

T

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13
Q

make up about
95% of the volume of the formed elements.

A

Red blood cells, or erythrocytes

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14
Q

The remaining 5%
consists of

A

white blood cells, or leukocytes and cell
fragments called platelets, or thrombocytes

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15
Q

(T/F) in healthy adults, white blood cells are the only formed elements possessing nuclei

A

T

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16
Q

process of blood cell production

A

hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis

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17
Q

replaces red marrow in other body locations

A

yellow marrow

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18
Q

All the formed elements of the blood are derived from a single
population of stem cells in the red bone marrow called

A

hemocytoblasts

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19
Q

Red blood
cells, platelets, and most of the white blood cells develop from

A

myeloid stem cell

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20
Q

produce red blood cells

A

proerythroblasts

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21
Q

produce basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils.

A

myeloblasts

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22
Q

produce monocytes

A

monoblasts

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23
Q

produce platelets

A

megakaryoblasts

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24
Q

secreted by endocrine cells of the kidneys, that stimulates myeloid
stem cells to develop into red blood cells

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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25
Q

regulate the development of the different
types of formed elements

A

colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) a

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26
Q

700 times more
numerous than white blood cells and 17 times more numerous than
platelets in the blood

A

Red blood cells (RBCs)

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27
Q

Involved in osmosis, membrane potentials, and acid-base balance

A

Ions (Sodium, potassium, calcium,
magnesium, chloride, iron, phosphate,
hydrogen, hydroxide, bicarbonate)

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28
Q

Source of energy and basic “building blocks” of more complex molecules

A

Glucose, amino acids,
triglycerides, cholesterol (Nutrients)

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29
Q

Promote enzyme activity

A

Vitamins (Nutrients)

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29
Q

Breakdown products of protein metabolism; excreted by the kidneys

A

Urea, uric acid, creatinine,
ammonia salts (Waster products)

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30
Q

Breakdown product of red blood cells; excreted as part of the bile from the liver into the small intestine

A

bilirubin (waste products)

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31
Q

End product of anaerobic respiration; converted to glucose by the liver

A

Lactate (waste products)

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32
Q

Necessary for aerobic respiration; terminal electron acceptor in electron-transport chain

A

oxygen (gases)

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33
Q

Waste product of aerobic respiration; as bicarbonate, helps buffer blood

A

carbon dioxide (gases)

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34
Q

Innate

A

nitrogen (gases)

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35
Q

Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions; hormones stimulate or inhibit many body functions

A

Regulatory Substances

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36
Q

main component of the red blood cell that occupies about
one-third of the total volume of a red blood cell and accounts for
its red color

A

hemoglobin

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37
Q

transport oxygen from the lungs to the various body tissues and to transport carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs

A

RBCs

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38
Q

occurs when red blood cells
rupture and the hemoglobin is released into the plasma.

A

Hemolysis

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39
Q

a complex protein consisting of four subunits

A

hemoglobin

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40
Q

Each polypeptide chain

A

globin

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41
Q

a red-pigment molecule containing one iron atom

A

heme

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42
Q

There are three forms of hemoglobin:

A

embryonic (first type of hemoglobin produced during development)
fetal (replaced to the third month od development)
adult (60–90% of the hemoglobin is adult hemoglobin)

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43
Q

oxygenated form of hemoglobin

A

oxyhemoglobin

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44
Q

Hemoglobin containing no oxygen

A

deoxyhemoglobin

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45
Q

a disorder in which
red blood cells become sickle-shaped

A

sickle-cell disease

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46
Q

carbon dioxide attaches to the globin molecule

A

carbaminohemoglobin

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47
Q

how many RBCs are destroyed every second?

A

2.5 million

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48
Q

mechanism done to replace the lost cells

A

homeostasis

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49
Q

maintained
by replacing the 2.5 million cells lost every second with an equal
number of new red blood cells

A

homeostasis

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50
Q

process by which new red blood cells are produced

A

erythropoiesis

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51
Q

immature
red blood cells

A

reticulocytes

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52
Q

Red blood cell production is regulated by

A

erythropoietin

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53
Q

The normal lifespan of a red blood cell

A

120 days in males and 110 days in females

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54
Q

located in the spleen, liver, and other lymphatic
tissue take up the hemoglobin released from ruptured red blood
cells

A

macrophages

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55
Q

conversion of hemoglobin

A

globin - amino acids - iron atoms - new hemoglobin // non-iron - biliverdin - bilirubin - free bilirubin - liver - conjugated bilirubin - bile

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56
Q

fluid secreted from the liver into the small intestine

A

bile

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57
Q

a yellowish staining of the skin
and the sclerae of the eyes caused by a buildup of bile pigments in
the blood and some tissues

A

jaundice

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58
Q

form a thin, white layer of cells between the plasma and the red blood
cells.

A

white blood cells (WBCs) or buffy coat

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59
Q

lack hemoglobin but have a nucleus

A

WBCs

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60
Q

hite blood cells are grouped into two categories based on their
appearance in stained preparations:

A

granulocytes (with large cytoplasmic granules and lobed nuclei)
agranulocytes (no granules)

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61
Q

three types of granulocytes

A

Neutrophils - stain with acidic and basic dyes
eosinophils - stain red with acidic dyes,
basophils - stain dark purple with basic dyes

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62
Q

two types of agranulocytes:

A

lymphocytes
monocytes

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63
Q

protect the body against invading microorganisms and remove dead cells and debris from the body

A

WBCs

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64
Q

Three characteristics of WBCs;

A

ameboid movement (ability to move as an ameba does, by putting
out irregular cytoplasmic projections. allows white blood cells to have more directed movement, instead of moving only with the flow of blood)

diapedesis - they become thin and elongated and slip between or
through the cells of blood vessel walls

chemotaxis - white blood cells can be attracted to foreign materials or dead cells within the tissue

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65
Q

accumulation of dead
white blood cells and bacteria, along with fluid and cell debris

A

pus

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66
Q

five types of white blood cells

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
lymphocytes
monocytes

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67
Q

e 60–70% of white blood cells; number of lobes
varying from two to five; polymorphonuclear neutrophils, or PMNs

A

Neutrophils

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68
Q

the first of the white blood cells to respond to
infection.

A

neutrophils

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69
Q

Neutrophils also secrete a class of enzymes called

A

lysozymes

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70
Q

2–4% of white blood cells; often have a two-lobed nucleus; e important
in the defense against certain worm parasites, increase in number in tissues experiencing inflammation, such as during allergic reactions (ex. histamine)

A

Eosinophils

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71
Q

have
harmful effects on respiratory airways in certain forms of asthma

A

eosinophils

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72
Q

0.5–1% of white blood cells; increase in number in both allergic and inflammatory reactions; contain large amounts of histamine (to increase inflammation) and heparin (inhibits blood clotting)

A

basophils

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72
Q

e 20–25% of white blood cells; smallest white blood cells; consists
of only a thin, sometimes imperceptible, ring around the nucleus; originate in red bone marrow and migrate through the blood to lymphatic tissues, where they can proliferate and produce more lymphocytes

A

lymphocytes

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73
Q

Types of lymphocytes:

A

B cells
T cells

74
Q

a type of lymphocyte that can be stimulated by bacteria or toxins to divide and form cells that produce antibodies

75
Q

a class of plasma proteins also called immunoglobulins that can attach to bacteria and activate mechanisms that destroy the bacteria.

A

antibodies

76
Q

another type of lymphocyte that protect against viruses and other
intracellular microorganisms by attacking and destroying the cells
in which they are found.

77
Q

involved in the
destruction of tumor cells and in tissue graft rejections

78
Q

3–8% of white blood cells; largest of the white blood cells; remain in the blood for about 3 days and eave the blood and are transformed into macrophages.

79
Q

An increase in the number of
monocytes in the blood is often associated with

A

chronic infection

80
Q

Macrophages also stimulate responses from other cells in two
ways:

A

(1) r4eleasing chemical messengers and
(2) phagocytizing and processing foreign substances, which are then presented to lymphocytes

81
Q

minute fragments of cells

A

Platelets, or thrombocytes

82
Q

consist of a small amount of cytoplasm
surrounded by a plasma membrane.

82
Q

consist of a small amount of cytoplasm
surrounded by a plasma membrane.

83
Q

The life expectancy of platelets is about

A

5–9 days

84
Q

Platelets
are derived from

A

megakaryocytes (extremely large cells found in the red bone marrow)

85
Q

Platelets play an important role in preventing blood loss by

A

(1) forming platelet plugs that seal holes in small vessels and
(2) promoting the formation and contraction of clots that help seal
off larger wounds in the vessels

86
Q

cessation of breeding, is very important to the maintenance of homeostasis

A

Hemostasis

87
Q

Hemostasis
involves three processes:

A

(1) vascular spasm
(2) platelet plug formation
(3) coagulation

88
Q

immediate but temporary constriction of a
blood vessel

A

vascular spasm

89
Q

accumulation of platelets that can seal small
breaks in blood vessels.

A

platelet plug

90
Q

Platelet Plug Formation

A

Platelet adhesion - platelets bind to collagen that
is exposed when a blood vessel is damaged

platelet release reaction - ADP, thromboxane, and other chemicals are released from the activated platelets by exocytosis

platelet aggregation - fibrinogen forms a bridge
between the fibrinogen receptors of different platelets, resulting in a platelet plug

91
Q

happens when a blood vessel is severely damaged, results in the formation of a clot.

A

coagulation or blood clotting

92
Q

a network of threadlike protein fibers, called
fibrin, that traps blood cells, platelets, and fluid

A

blood clot

93
Q

proteins found within
plasma

A

clotting factors, or coagulation factors

94
Q

Clotting factors are activated in two ways:

A

extrinsic pathway
intrinsic pathway

95
Q

begins with chemicals
that are outside of, or extrinsic to, the blood

A

extrinsic pathway

96
Q

Plasma protein synthesized in the liver; converted to fibrin in the common pathway

A

Factor 1 - Fibrinogen

97
Q

Plasma protein synthesized in the liver (requires vitamin K); converted to thrombin in the common pathway

A

Factor 2 - Prothrombin

98
Q

Mixture of lipoproteins released from damaged tissue; required in the extrinsic pathway

A

Factor 3 - Thromboplastin (tissue factor)

99
Q

Required throughout the clotting sequence

A

Factor 4 - Calcium ion

100
Q

Plasma protein synthesized in the liver; activated form functions in the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway

A

Factor 5 - Proaccelerin (labile factor)

101
Q

Once thought to be involved but no longer accepted as playing a role in clotting; apparently the same as activated factor V

102
Q

Plasma protein synthesized in the liver (requires vitamin K); functions in the extrinsic pathway

A

Factor 7 - Serum prothrombin conversion
accelerator (stable factor, proconvertin)

103
Q

Plasma protein synthesized in megakaryocytes and endothelial cells; required in the intrinsic pathway

A

Factor 8 - Antihemophilic factor (antihemophilic globulin)

104
Q

Plasma protein synthesized in the liver (requires vitamin K); required in the intrinsic pathway

A

Factor 9 - Plasma thromboplastin component
(Christmas factor)

105
Q

Plasma protein synthesized in the liver (requires vitamin K); required in the common pathway

A

Factor 10 - Stuart factor (Stuart-Prower factor)

106
Q

Plasma protein synthesized in the liver; required in the intrinsic pathway

A

Factor 11 - Plasma thromboplastin antecedent

107
Q

Plasma protein required in the intrinsic pathway

A

Factor 12 - Hageman factor

108
Q

Protein found in plasma and platelets; required in the common pathway

A

Factor 13 - Fibrin-stabilizing factor

109
Q

Same as plasma factor V

A

Factor 1 - Platelet acceleratoe

110
Q

Accelerates thrombin and fibrin production

A

Factor 2 - Thrombin accelerator

111
Q

Phospholipids necessary for the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways

112
Q

Binds heparin, which prevents clot formation

113
Q

begins with chemicals that are inside, or intrinsic to, the blood

A

intrinsic pathway

114
Q

protein that forms the fibrous network
of the blood clot

115
Q

required for the formation of many of the factors
involved in blood clot formation

116
Q

converts fibrinogen to
fibrin (the clot).

117
Q

activates clotting factors,
promoting clot formation and
stabilizing the fibrin clot.

118
Q

lack intestinal bacteria; thus, they ack these intestinal bacteria

119
Q

prevent clotting factors from initiating clot formation under
normal concentrations in the blood.

A

anticoagulants

120
Q

a plasma protein
produced by the liver, slowly inactivates thrombin

A

Antithrombin

121
Q

prostaglandin derivative produced by endothelial cells. It counteracts the effects of thrombin by causing vasodilation and inhibiting
the release of clotting factors from platelets

A

Prostacyclin

122
Q

prevent clot formation by binding to Ca2+
, thus, making the ions inaccessible for clotting reactions

A

ethylenediaminetetraacetic
acid (EDTA) and sodium citrate.

123
Q

process whereby the blood clot condenses into a denser, compact
structure

A

clot retraction

124
Q

of blood vessels or the heart, an attached clot called
a __ may form

125
Q

thrombus that
breaks loose and begins to float through the blood is called

126
Q

can cause death if they block vessels that supply blood to essential organs, such as the heart, brain, or lungs.

A

thrombus and embolus

127
Q

process that dissolves the blood clot

A

fibrinolysis

128
Q

hydrolyzes, or breaks, fibrin, thereby
dissolving the clot

129
Q

transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to
another

A

transfusion

130
Q

introduction of a
fluid other than blood, such as a saline or glucose solution, into the blood

131
Q

surfaces of red
blood cells have marker molecules which identify the cells

132
Q

proteins that bind to antigens

133
Q

(T/F) each antibody can bind only to a certain antigen

134
Q

clumping of cells

A

agglutination

135
Q

te reactions that cause hemolysis. Because the
antigen-antibody combinations can cause agglutination, the antigens
are often called

A

agglutinogens

136
Q

antibodies are called

A

agglutinins

137
Q

how many blood groups have been identified?

A

more than 35

138
Q

used to categorize human blood
based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens on the surface of red blood cells

A

ABO blood group

139
Q

Type A Antigen

140
Q

Type B antigen

141
Q

Type AB Antigens

A

Type A and B

142
Q

Type O antigen

143
Q

Anti-A antibodies act
against

A

Type A antigens

144
Q

anti-B antibodies act against

A

Type B antigens

145
Q

plasma from type A blood contains

A

anti-B antibodies

146
Q

plasma from type B blood contains

A

anti-a antibodies

147
Q

antibody of type AB

148
Q

antibody of type O

A

Type A and B

149
Q

person who gives blood

150
Q

person who receives it

A

receipient

151
Q

first studied in
rhesus monkeys.

A

Rh blood group

152
Q

antigen involved in this blood group

153
Q

People are Rh-__if they have the D antigen on the
surface of their red blood cells

154
Q

In the fetal blood, the Rh antibodies will
act against the D antigens on the red blood cells and cause agglutination and hemolysis of fetal red blood cells. This disorder is call

A

hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) or erythroblastosis fetalis (2nd pregnancy)

155
Q

Prevention of HDN is often possible if the Rh-negative mother
is injected with a specific type of antibody preparation, called

A

Rho(D) immune globulin (RhoGAM)

156
Q

determines the ABO and Rh blood groups of the blood sample

A

blood typing

157
Q

the donor’s blood
cells are mixed with the recipient’s serum, and the donor’s serum is
mixed with the recipient’s cells.

A

crossmatch

158
Q

(T/F) The donor’s blood is considered
safe for transfusion only if no agglutination occurs in either match

159
Q

an analysis of blood that provides much useful information; consists of a red blood count, hemoglobin and hematocrit measurements, a white blood count, and a differential white blood count.

A

complete blood count (CBC)

160
Q

usually performed with an electronic instrument, but they can also be done manually with a microscope; the number (expressed in millions) of
red blood cells per microliter of blood

A

red blood count (RBC)

161
Q

A normal RBC for a male

A

4.6–6.2 million/μL of blood

162
Q

for a female, a normal RBC is

A

4.2–5.4 million/μL of blood

163
Q

overabundance of red blood cells

A

erythrocytosis

164
Q

determines the amount of hemoglobin
in a given volume of blood, usually expressed as grams of hemoglobin per 100 mL of blood.

A

Hemoglobin Measurement

165
Q

The normal hemoglobin count for a male is

A

14–18 g/100 mL of blood

166
Q

for a female it is

A

12–16 g/100 mL

167
Q

Abnormally low hemoglobin is an indication of

168
Q

percentage of
the total blood volume that is composed of red blood cells.

A

Hematocrit Measurement

169
Q

normal-sized red
blood cells with a diameter of 7.5 mm

A

Normocytes

170
Q

smaller than normal, with a diameter of 6 μm or less,

A

microcytes

171
Q

larger than normal, with a diameter
of 9 μm or greater. B

A

macrocytes

172
Q

measures the total number of white
blood cells in the blood.

A

White Blood Count

173
Q

Normally, how many white blood
cells are present in each microliter of blood?

A

5000–10,000

174
Q

lower than normal WBC resulting from depression or destruction of the red marrow.

A

Leukopenia

175
Q

abnormally high WBC

A

Leukocytosis

176
Q

cancer of the red marrow,
often results in leukocytosis, but the white blood cells have an
abnormal structure and function as well. B

177
Q

determines the percentage of each
of the five kinds of white blood cells

A

Differential White Blood Count

neutrophils account 60–70%
lymphocytes, 20–30%
monocytes, 2–8%
eosinophil 1–4%
basophils, 0.5–1%

178
Q

The blood’s ability to clot can be assessed by

A

platelet count
and the prothrombin time measurement

179
Q

A normal platelet count is

A

250,000–400,000 platelets per microliter of blood

180
Q

platelet count is greatly reduced,
resulting in chronic bleeding through small vessels and capillaries

A

thrombocytopenia

181
Q

expresses how long it takes
for the blood to start clotting, which is normally 9–12 seconds

A

Prothrombin time measurement

182
Q

officially reported as the International
Normalized Ratio (INR), which standardizes the time blood
takes to clot based on the slightly different thromboplastins
used by different labs.

A

Prothrombin time

ANAPHY LECTURE (10 decks)

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