Cardiovascular System: Diseases, Conditions, and Procedures Flashcards
aneurysm
localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery
angina
chest pain caused by obstructions or spasms of the coronary artery
arrhythmia
(also called dysrhythmia)
irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart
bradycardia
slow heart rate
(usually fewer than 60 beats per minute in a resting adult)
fibrillation
rapid, irregular contraction of the myocardium that can affect the atria or ventricles
tachycardia
rapid heart rate
(possibly beating up to 200 beats per minute)
what are the common types of arrhythmia?
1- bradycardia
2- fibrillation
3- heart block
4- tachycardia
bruit
(also called murmur)
soft, blowing sound heard on auscultation and associated with valvular action, the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction, or both
cardiomyopathy
disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function
coarctation
narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta
embolism
intravascular mass that dislodges from one part of the body and causes a blockage in another area
heart failure (HF)
disorder that occurs when the heart is unable to effectively pump the quantity of the blood required by the body
hyperlipidemia
excessive amounts of lipids in the blood
hypertension (HTN)
elevated blood pressure
(higher than 140/90 mmHg)
hypotension
low blood pressure
(lower than 90/60 mmHg)
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
displacement of the mitral valve
palpitation
sensation of an irregular heartbeat
peripheral artery disease (PAD)
a reduced flow of blood to the extremities, especially the legs
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein
syncope
(also called fainting)
partial or complete loss of consciousness caused by a decreased supply of blood to the brain
thrombosis
abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
(also called deep venous thrombosis)
blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs
electrocardiography (ECG or EKG)
the process of recording the electrical activity of the heart
Holter monitor test
(also called event monitor test)
procedure that uses a small, portable system to record and store the electrical activity of the heart over 24- to 48-hour period
stress test
ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions to show abnormalities that may not appear during an ECG when a patient is resting
cardiac biomarkers
(also called cardiac enzyme test)
blood test that measures the presence and amount of several substances released by the heart when it is damaged or under stress
lipid panel
series of blood tests used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease
angiography
procedure that records a radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel after the injection of a contrast material
aortography
angiography of the aorta and its branches after the injection of a contrast medium
coronary angiography
angiography that helps diagnose stenosis or obstruction of the coronary arteries
carotid artery US
ultrasound procedure that determines blood flow problems caused by blood clots, plaque, or tears on the walls of the carotid arteries
echocardiography (ECHO)
ultrasound test that produces moving images of the heart
myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)
noninvasive imaging test to show how well blood flows through the heart muscle at rest and during exercise
cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
specialized MRI procedure that provides images of the heart
magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
type of MRI that provides detailed images of blood vessels
cardiac catheterization (CC)
passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart
angioplasty
endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels to restore forward blood flow
cardiac ablation
procedure in which a catheter is inserted through a vein and threaded to the heart to correct structural problems
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked area of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)
(also called automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD))
small, battery-powered device inserted within the chest of a patient who is at high risk for developing an arrhythmia
open heart surgery
surgical procedure in which the sternum is cut in half vertically to open the chest and expose the heart, its valves, or the arteries
pacemaker insertion
implantation of a battery-powered device inside the chest to control the heart rate and rhythm
defibrillation
lifesaving emergency treatment to restart the heart in cardiorespiratory arrest by delivering high-voltage electrical current through the heart
cardioversion
defibrillation technique using low-energy shocks to reset the heart’s rhythm back to its normal pattern
antiarrhythmics
a medicine that prevents and corrects cardiac arrhythmias
