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Intro to BME > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 heart valves?

A

Tricuspid, Bicuspid, aortic, and pulmonary

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2
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

Is in the upper right region of the heart and has 3 flaps

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3
Q

Bicuspid Valve

A

Is in the upper left region of the heart and has 2 flaps

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4
Q

Aortic valve

A

Is in the lower right region of the heart

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5
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

Is in the lower left region of the heart

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6
Q

How blood vessels work?

A

-flow of oxygenated blood emerges from the heart into the aorta on its way to the periphery
-the aorta branches into larger arteries
-then further branch into arterioles
-arterioles become capillaries
-capillaries merge as venules and then veins

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7
Q

What is the primary site for vascular resistance?

A

The arterioles

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8
Q

What are arteries and arterioles made of?

A

smooth muscle

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9
Q

What are capillaries made up of?

A

mainly endothelium, which allows for metabolic exchange

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10
Q

Differences between arteries and veins

A
  • arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, while veins carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart
    -arteries are deep in the body and veins are superficial
    -arteries are thick-walled, highly muscular, while veins are thin walled
    -arteries have narrow lumen and veins hav wide lumen
  • arteries have no valves, while veins have valves that provide unidirectional blood flow
    -arteries are reddish in color and veins are bluish in color
  • arteries have high pressure and veins have low pressure
    -if hurt the arteries will spew blood quickly, veins will release blood at a slower rate
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11
Q

Which arteries are not thick-walled and muscular?

A

The cranium and vertebral column

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12
Q

Coronary circulation

A

is the circulation of blood into the blood vessels of the heart muscle

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13
Q

What is the heart muscle called? Cardiac muscle ?

A

The myocardium

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14
Q

What do coronary arteries do?

A

Vessels deliver oxygen rich blood to the myocardium

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15
Q

What do cardiac veins do?

A

Vessels remove deoxygenated blood from the myocardium

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16
Q

Pacemaker cells

A

Produce electrical impulses that set the heart rate and rythym

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17
Q

How much of your body weight is blood? why?

A

About 8%
Plasma is rich in proteins and high in red blood cells

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18
Q

Hemoglobin

A

is the protein that carries oxygen in the blood and only carried by red blood cells

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19
Q

Red blood cells

A

-A biconcave disc that is round and flat WITHOUT A NUCLEUS
-contains haemoglobin, which holds oxygen + carries it to the cells that need it
-can change shape to an amzing extent, without breaking, therefore it can squeeze through capillaries

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20
Q

White blood cells

A

there are many different types and all contain a large nucleus

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21
Q

WBC lymphocytes

A

-some fight disease by making antibodies to destroy the invaders by dissolving them
-others make antitoxins to break down poisons

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22
Q

WBC macrophages

A

“eat” and digest microrganisms

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23
Q

Laminar flow

A

When the blood flows smoothly in a linear pattern

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24
Q

Turbulent flow

A

When blood flows disorganizedly
due to obstruction or injury other diseases

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25
Calculation of blood flow
Q = pi r^4 /8UL (/\P)
26
Phase 1 of contraction cycles
1. when the ventricular filling is complete, the mitral valve closes and the ventricles begin to contract isovolumically. The initial volume is denoted as (END DIASTOLIC VOLUME)
27
Phase 2 of contraction cycles
2. when ventricular pressure exceeds aortic pressure, the aortic valve opens, and blood ejection begins.
28
Why does blood ejection occur?
Blood ejection occurs due to the difference between the ventricular and aortic pressure
29
Phase 3 of contraction cycles
3. when ventricualr pressure falls below aortic pressure, the aortic valve closes. The end volume of ventriculuar ejection is END SYSTOLIC VOLUME
30
Phase 4 of contraction cycles
4. when ventricular pressure falls below left atrial pressure, the mitral valve opens and filling begins in preperation for the next heart beat
31
Stroke volume
volume of blood ejected from the heart during each systolic period
32
Stroke volume equation
EDV - ESV = width fo P-V loop (or stroke volume)
33
Ejection fraction
SV / EDV (common index of contractility of the heart)
34
Arterial systolic blood pressure (SBP)
is the peak pressure in the arteries, same peak pressure as in the ventricular loop
35
arterial diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
is the pressure as which the aortic valve opens, right before systole
36
Cardiac output equation
CO = SV x HR
37
Normal CO, Mild CO, Moderate CO, Severe CO
0.5-0.75 , 0.4-0.5 , 0.25-0.4 , <0.25
38
Mean arterial pressure
MAP is a calculation that doctors use to check whether theres enough blood flow to supply blood to all your major organs - too much resistance + pressure may impede flow
39
Mean arterial pressure equation
diastolic pressire + PP/3
40
Pulse pressure equation
systolic pressure - diastolic pressure
41
Why is PP important?
may help predict the risk of a heart event - heart attack or stroke - PP> 60 considered a risk
42
Diocrotic notch
when the aortic valve closes
43
electrical activity of the heart
- heart contracts as a unit - 1 heartbeat = a single contraction of the heart
44
Series of a heart contraction
the artia, then the ventricles
45
Pacemaker cells that initiate impulses on their own, are called?
Sino-artial (SA) node activity is rythmic
46
Impulse conduction through the heart
- SA node begins the action -stimulus spreads to the AV node -impulse is delayed at AV node -impulse then travels through ventricular conducting cells -then districuted by Purkinje Fibers
47
Why is the impulse delayed at the AV node important?
it endures that the artia have ejected their blood into the ventricles first before the ventricles contract
48
Easiest way to record electrical activity of the heart
ECG
49
Bradycardia
abnormally slow heart rate
50
tachycardia
abnormally fast heart rate
51
ectopic pacemaker
- abnormal cells that generate high action potentials, bypass conducting system, disrupt ventricular contractions - can results in a slow or fast heartbeat
52
How are P,R, and T waves identified?
They are the result of the movement of ions in cells in different parts of the heart
53
How do you determine heart rate on ECG?
R-R interval is the heart rate -high peaks on the ECG
54
P wave
activation of the atria
55
QRS complex
activation of the ventricles
56
T wave
Recovery wave
57
Heart rate variability
Caluclated between R peaks - decreased HRV indicatets increased cardiovascular risk
58
Atrial fibrillation (most comon heart arrhythmia)
-beating in the upper chambers (the 2 atria) of the heart is irregular -the blood doesnt flow as well as it should from the atria to the lower chambers of the heart (2 ventricles ) -can be bried episodes or a permanent condition
59
Systolic Pressure
Maximum pressure in your blood vessels when your heart contracts
60
How to tell systolic pressure on a graph?
The systolic pressure will be the highest point on the graph
61
Diastolic Pressure
The pressure in your arteries when your heart is relaxed and filling with blood
62
How to tell diastolic pressure on a graph?
The diastolic pressure will be the lowest point on the graph
63
Pulse pressure
Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure
64

Intro to BME (11 decks)

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