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Intro to BME > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 heart valves?

A

Tricuspid, Bicuspid, aortic, and pulmonary

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2
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

Is in the upper right region of the heart and has 3 flaps

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3
Q

Bicuspid Valve

A

Is in the upper left region of the heart and has 2 flaps

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4
Q

Aortic valve

A

Is in the lower right region of the heart

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5
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

Is in the lower left region of the heart

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6
Q

How blood vessels work?

A

-flow of oxygenated blood emerges from the heart into the aorta on its way to the periphery
-the aorta branches into larger arteries
-then further branch into arterioles
-arterioles become capillaries
-capillaries merge as venules and then veins

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7
Q

What is the primary site for vascular resistance?

A

The arterioles

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8
Q

What are arteries and arterioles made of?

A

smooth muscle

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9
Q

What are capillaries made up of?

A

mainly endothelium, which allows for metabolic exchange

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10
Q

Differences between arteries and veins

A
  • arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, while veins carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart
    -arteries are deep in the body and veins are superficial
    -arteries are thick-walled, highly muscular, while veins are thin walled
    -arteries have narrow lumen and veins hav wide lumen
  • arteries have no valves, while veins have valves that provide unidirectional blood flow
    -arteries are reddish in color and veins are bluish in color
  • arteries have high pressure and veins have low pressure
    -if hurt the arteries will spew blood quickly, veins will release blood at a slower rate
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11
Q

Which arteries are not thick-walled and muscular?

A

The cranium and vertebral column

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12
Q

Coronary circulation

A

is the circulation of blood into the blood vessels of the heart muscle

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13
Q

What is the heart muscle called? Cardiac muscle ?

A

The myocardium

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14
Q

What do coronary arteries do?

A

Vessels deliver oxygen rich blood to the myocardium

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15
Q

What do cardiac veins do?

A

Vessels remove deoxygenated blood from the myocardium

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16
Q

Pacemaker cells

A

Produce electrical impulses that set the heart rate and rythym

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17
Q

How much of your body weight is blood? why?

A

About 8%
Plasma is rich in proteins and high in red blood cells

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18
Q

Hemoglobin

A

is the protein that carries oxygen in the blood and only carried by red blood cells

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19
Q

Red blood cells

A

-A biconcave disc that is round and flat WITHOUT A NUCLEUS
-contains haemoglobin, which holds oxygen + carries it to the cells that need it
-can change shape to an amzing extent, without breaking, therefore it can squeeze through capillaries

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20
Q

White blood cells

A

there are many different types and all contain a large nucleus

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21
Q

WBC lymphocytes

A

-some fight disease by making antibodies to destroy the invaders by dissolving them
-others make antitoxins to break down poisons

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22
Q

WBC macrophages

A

“eat” and digest microrganisms

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23
Q

Laminar flow

A

When the blood flows smoothly in a linear pattern

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24
Q

Turbulent flow

A

When blood flows disorganizedly
due to obstruction or injury other diseases

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25
Q

Calculation of blood flow

A

Q = pi r^4 /8UL (/\P)

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26
Q

Phase 1 of contraction cycles

A
  1. when the ventricular filling is complete, the mitral valve closes and the ventricles begin to contract isovolumically. The initial volume is denoted as (END DIASTOLIC VOLUME)
27
Q

Phase 2 of contraction cycles

A
  1. when ventricular pressure exceeds aortic pressure, the aortic valve opens, and blood ejection begins.
28
Q

Why does blood ejection occur?

A

Blood ejection occurs due to the difference between the ventricular and aortic pressure

29
Q

Phase 3 of contraction cycles

A
  1. when ventricualr pressure falls below aortic pressure, the aortic valve closes. The end volume of ventriculuar ejection is END SYSTOLIC VOLUME
30
Q

Phase 4 of contraction cycles

A
  1. when ventricular pressure falls below left atrial pressure, the mitral valve opens and filling begins in preperation for the next heart beat
31
Q

Stroke volume

A

volume of blood ejected from the heart during each systolic period

32
Q

Stroke volume equation

A

EDV - ESV = width fo P-V loop (or stroke volume)

33
Q

Ejection fraction

A

SV / EDV (common index of contractility of the heart)

34
Q

Arterial systolic blood pressure (SBP)

A

is the peak pressure in the arteries, same peak pressure as in the ventricular loop

35
Q

arterial diastolic blood pressure (DBP)

A

is the pressure as which the aortic valve opens, right before systole

36
Q

Cardiac output equation

A

CO = SV x HR

37
Q

Normal CO, Mild CO, Moderate CO, Severe CO

A

0.5-0.75 , 0.4-0.5 , 0.25-0.4 , <0.25

38
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

MAP is a calculation that doctors use to check whether theres enough blood flow to supply blood to all your major organs
- too much resistance + pressure may impede flow

39
Q

Mean arterial pressure equation

A

diastolic pressire + PP/3

40
Q

Pulse pressure equation

A

systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

41
Q

Why is PP important?

A

may help predict the risk of a heart event
- heart attack or stroke
- PP> 60 considered a risk

42
Q

Diocrotic notch

A

when the aortic valve closes

43
Q

electrical activity of the heart

A
  • heart contracts as a unit
  • 1 heartbeat = a single contraction of the heart
44
Q

Series of a heart contraction

A

the artia, then the ventricles

45
Q

Pacemaker cells that initiate impulses on their own, are called?

A

Sino-artial (SA) node
activity is rythmic

46
Q

Impulse conduction through the heart

A
  • SA node begins the action
    -stimulus spreads to the AV node
    -impulse is delayed at AV node
    -impulse then travels through ventricular conducting cells
    -then districuted by Purkinje Fibers
47
Q

Why is the impulse delayed at the AV node important?

A

it endures that the artia have ejected their blood into the ventricles first before the ventricles contract

48
Q

Easiest way to record electrical activity of the heart

A

ECG

49
Q

Bradycardia

A

abnormally slow heart rate

50
Q

tachycardia

A

abnormally fast heart rate

51
Q

ectopic pacemaker

A
  • abnormal cells that generate high action potentials, bypass conducting system, disrupt ventricular contractions
  • can results in a slow or fast heartbeat
52
Q

How are P,R, and T waves identified?

A

They are the result of the movement of ions in cells in different parts of the heart

53
Q

How do you determine heart rate on ECG?

A

R-R interval is the heart rate
-high peaks on the ECG

54
Q

P wave

A

activation of the atria

55
Q

QRS complex

A

activation of the ventricles

56
Q

T wave

A

Recovery wave

57
Q

Heart rate variability

A

Caluclated between R peaks
- decreased HRV indicatets increased cardiovascular risk

58
Q

Atrial fibrillation (most comon heart arrhythmia)

A

-beating in the upper chambers (the 2 atria) of the heart is irregular
-the blood doesnt flow as well as it should from the atria to the lower chambers of the heart (2 ventricles )
-can be bried episodes or a permanent condition

59
Q

Systolic Pressure

A

Maximum pressure in your blood vessels when your heart contracts

60
Q

How to tell systolic pressure on a graph?

A

The systolic pressure will be the highest point on the graph

61
Q

Diastolic Pressure

A

The pressure in your arteries when your heart is relaxed and filling with blood

62
Q

How to tell diastolic pressure on a graph?

A

The diastolic pressure will be the lowest point on the graph

63
Q

Pulse pressure

A

Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

64
Q
A

Intro to BME (11 decks)

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